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Flashcards for Bruce Frazier
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Terms 1. What is monotheism? Belief in one all-powerful God. List three monotheistic religions. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 2. What is polytheism? Belief in many gods What religion is polytheistic? Hinduism Which religion is neither poly or monotheistic? Buddhism 3. What does proselytize mean? to try to covert someone to a particular religion; Which three religions are known for proselytizing? Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism 4. What is a covenant? a contract; a legally binding agreement; Who do Jews believe made a covenant with God? Abraham What did this covenant say? That the Jews would be God's chosen people. 5. What is the Torah? The holy scripture of Judaism. 6. What is salvation? to be saved from your sins (wrongdoings). How do Jews believe you can receive salvation? Live according to the law (10 Commandments) How do Christians believe you can receive salvation? Have faith in Jesus Christ--that he died and rose again How do Muslims (Islam) believe you get salvation? Believing in Mohammad; obeying the 5 Pillars of Islam How do Hindus believe you get salvation? Living by caste rules--getting reincarnated upwards How to Buddhists believe you get salvation? Living by the Eight Fold Path to reach Nirvana 7. What does repentance mean? to ask for forgiveness for sins What religion believe you must repent to get salvation? Christianity 8. What is the New Testament? Holy book of Christians; life and teachings of Jesus 9. What is the Roman Catholic Church? Only Christian Church in W. Europe before Reformation Who is the head of the Catholic Church? the Pope Name the city and country where the Pope lives Rome, Italy 10. What are the holy scriptures of Islam called? Koran (Qu'ran) 11. What is a Jihad? an Islamic holy war against the enemies of Allah (God) Which Islamic group believes the jihad is a real war? Shi'ites Which Islamic group believes the jihad is spiritual? Sunni 12. What is the name of the Hindu holy book? Vedas 13. What is the caste system? a hereditary class system that separates Hindus How does the caste system group people? according to rank, position, or wealth 14. What is reincarnation? a soul rebirth; being born again after dying. Which two religions believe in reincarnation? Hinduism and Buddhism 15. What is idea behind karma? your future reincarnation is based on present behavior Which religion believes in karma? Hinduism 16. What is nirvana? A state of nothingness; If you arrive in Nirvana, what are you freed from? Having to be reincarnated over and over again. 17. What is animism? The worship of nature Where do you find animism? Sub-Sahara Africa, parts of Asia and South America 18. What is atheism? Belief in no god 19. What is a trade route? A road or waterway used to exchange products and ideas What two areas did the "Silk Road" connect? Europe and China What did Europe get from the Silk Road trade routes? Silk, porcelin, and spices Asia and the Mediterranian basin (Southern Europe) What were the trade routes across the Sahara known as? The Trans-Saharan Across which Ocean did Europeans travel to get spices? The Indian Ocean(maritime routes) What trade route connected China with Southeast Asia? The South China Sea maritime routes How was trade conducted in Western Europe? By rivers and the Mediterranian Sea Where was trade conducted in Northern Europe Rivers and overland routes to the Black Sea 20. What is a merchant? someone who owned a trading business or sold goods 21. What is usury? the practice of charging interest on loans c. 1500, who was against usury? The Pope and the Catholic Church Why is usury important in trade? People could get money for new businesses. Who wanted usury? Merchants--people who ran businesses and trade 22. What does "secular" mean? something that is worldly rather than religious Example: What is "secular" music? Any music that is NOT religious. What place became more secular after the Renaissance? Italy 23. What is humanism A Renaissance movement that studied ancient Greece/Rome What did humanism stress? Humans, their emotions, and the reality of life How was humanism expressed? In paintings that looked real--see some Renaissance art 24. What is a sonnet? a 14 line poem popular in the Renaissance What did sonnets focus on? Human emotions, the reality of life Who was best known for poems in the Renaissance? Petrarch 25. What was an indulgence? a pardon for sin sold by the Catholic Church Who opposed indulgences? Martin Luther Why did Luther oppose them? He believed the Church could not pardon sin How did Luther believe a person did recieve a pardon? By praying directly to God and repenting of sin. 26. What is "justification by faith" The idea that faith in Jesus alone gives salvation Who taught "justification by faith." Martin Luther How was this different from the Catholic Church? It taught salvation was recieved through doing good 27. What were the "95 Theses?" Luther's list of criticisms of the Catholic Church What did Luther do with his list? He nailed them to a church door in Wittenburg, H.R.E. 28. What does predestination mean? That God knows your destiny BEFORE you are born. Who taught predestination? John Calvin 29. What is a "Protestant" church"? Any Christian church that is NOT Catholic What do Protestant churches believe? Mostly in Luther's teachings, but each is different. Name a Protestant church Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian 30. What new church did Martin Luther start? Lutheran churches What did Lutheran churches teach about the Bible? The Bible was the ultimate authority, NOT the Pope. 31. What is Anglicanism? The new Reformation Protestant church in England Who started the Anglican Church? Henry VIII Who made it the official national church of England Queen Elizabeth I 32. What is culture diffusion/exchange? when two cultures exchange ideas, products and info. 33. What does circumnavigation mean? to sail completely around something, such as the world. Who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe? Magellan 34. What is a colony? a settlement of people outside their homeland Who controls a colony? the parent country--Virginia controlled by England 35. What was the Columbian Exchange? the trade of goods between Europe and the Americas What did Europeans bring to America? Horses, cattle, guns, and small pox What did America send to America? potatoes, corn, tobacco, and gold 36. What does the term indigenous mean? native -- something indigenous is native to that area 37. Why was small pox important in N. and S. America? it killed millions of Native Americans 38. What is immigration? The movement of people INTO a country (i for INTO) 39. What is emigration? the movement of people out of a country (e for exit) 40. How do you descibe a plantation system? farming system where large farms grow cash crops 41. What is a "cash crop?" a farm product that is grown only to be sold/traded Are cash crops used by the farmer? No--they are grown just to make money List 4 cash crops cotton, sugar, tobacco, bananas, etc. 42. What are raw materials? any materials humans get from nature List six major raw materials gold, silver, lumber, coal, iron ore, cotton 43. What is a manufactured good? a product made by man from raw materials--clothes, guns 44. What was the triangular trade? a trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. What was traded on the triangular trade route? slaves, sugar, weapons, and rum were traded. 45. What was the middle passage? middle section of the triangular trade; What was transported on the middle passage? African slaves were taken to North and South America 46. What was a Joint Stock Company? A company that sold shares to divide costs and profits 47. What was mercantalism? an European economic system of the 1600s Under mercantalism, how does a country become powerful? By acquiring lots of wealth--in the form of bullion What did mercantalism have to say about colonies? They are used to get raw materials and sell goods to. What did mercantalism say about trade? You should export more than you import 48. What is bullion? gold and silver in the form of bars or plates 49. What is a "balance of trade"? the difference between a country's imports and exports. What is a favorable balance of trade? When a country exports more goods than it imports. 50. What is a foreign enclave? an area set aside where trade with foreigners happens Why does a country set up foreign enclaves? to control trade and stop the influence of foreigners What country was famous for setting up foreign enclaves China 51. Define "shogun" a powerful Japanese military leader that ruled Japan 52. What is isolationalism? staying out of the affairs of other countries What Asian country was well known for isolationalism? Japan 53. What is absolutism? where one person or group holds unlimited power Name three absolute rulers Louis XIV, Frederick II the Great, Peter the Great 54. What does divine right mean? that a ruler gets his power to rule directly from God. What does the idea of divine right support? absolute governments--NO DEMOCRACY!! 55. What is westernization? trying to imitate the countries of Western Europe. What Russian was obsessed with westernizing Russia? Peter the Great 56. What is reason? to use logical thinking to figure something out 57. What is the scientific method? process scientists used to investigate the world. What are the four steps of the scientific method? observation, hypothesis, experiment, prove/disprove 58. What was the heliocentric theory? it said the universe revolved around the sun What was believed before the heliocentric theory? that the universe revolved around the earth 59. What is natural law? a universal truth or principle found through reason Name two natural law thinkers. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke 60. What is a sovereign? the person or group that has supreme control or power Who was sovereign in England after the Glorious Rev? Parliament 61. What is Parliament? England/Great Britain's legislature (like Congress) 62. What is a Prime Minister? chief executive of Great Britain (like the President) 63. What is the English common law? law that is based on tradition and court decisions 64. What is a jury trial? trial where guilt is decided by a group of peers 65. What does the idea "consent of the governed" mean? Gov't must have the people's approval to do something How does a gov't get the "consent of the governed?" By having the people elect them into office 66. What is a "coup d'etat"? a quick seizure of gov't powers. Who did this in order to end the French Revolution? Napoleon Boneparte 67. What does nationalism mean? pride in one's own nation or group's traditions What do nationalist often desire? desire from outside rule Why did nationalism cause Napoleon's defeat? Non-French people were tired of Napoleon's rule. 68. What did liberalism mean in the 19th century? support for the ideas of Locke: desire for change 69. In the 19th century, what did conservatism mean? Opposition to change; support of monarchy 70. What does "balance of power" mean? spread power around, so no one country has too much What was the hope behind keeping the balance of power? No country would dare wage war like Napoleon did Who pushed the idea of the "balance of power"? Prince Metternich of Austria 71. What is an alliance? a union between nations based on some common interest What is the most common reason for forming an alliance? In order to protect your country from an enemy. 72. What does the term "realpolitik" mean? national success justifies doing anything to succeed What man believed in realpolitik? Otto von Bismark of Prussia 73. Describe guerilla warfare? hit and run surprise attacks by small groups Who used these tactics to unite his country? Garibaldi of Italy What modern war also saw the use of guerilla warfare? the Vietnam War 74. What was the enclosure movement? when farmers fenced in their lands What country did this happen in? Great Britain Why was the enclosure movement important? Less farmers were needed--people needed work 75. What is capital? money used to start a business 76. What is industrialization? going from creating goods by hand to now using machines What country was the first to industrialize? Great Britain 77. Describe what the cottage industry was like. Materials were given to people to make products at home 78. Describe the factory system? producing products in a factory using machines 79. What are textiles? fabric made from weaving or knitting What were textiles used for? making cotton clothes What did people wear before cotton was widely available wool 80. What are natural resources? raw materials: anything found in nature used by humans 81. What does "standard of living" mean? how much you are able to buy What does having a "high standard of living" mean? You can buy a lot of goods, products, and services. What country has the highest standard of living? the United States How did industrialization effect standard of living? it increased it dramatically 82. What is urbanization? movement of people into cities What is an urban area? a city--dense population What is a rural area? low population---the "country" 83. Where did the "working class" work? factories, mines--jobs that require intense labor 84. What types of jobs do "middle class" people have? They are owners, managers, or highly skilled workers. 85. What is a labor union? an organization of workers What did labor unions try to do? improve wages and working conditions What methods did they use to accomplish this? collective bargaining 86. What is collective bargaining? negotiations between an owner and union representatives What do unions threaten if they don't get all they want that all the workers will stop working (a strike) 87. What is suffrage? the right to vote Who demanded suffrage due to industrialization? Early on, working men, then later women. 88. What does the idea of "laissez faire" mean? that gov't should leave business alone--no regulation 89. What is a free market? a place to sell goods with little gov't regulation 90. What is capitalism? an economic system with free markets and competition Who owns land in capitalism? land is owned by private citizens (you and me) 91. What is socialism? an economic system where the gov't owns businesses. What is socialism the first stage of? communism Who owns land in socialism? some by private citizens, some by government 92. What is communism? an economic system where gov't controls everything Who owns land in communism? Only the government--people own nothing. What are wages and incomes like under communism? everyone makes the same amount no matter what job 93. What is imperialism? when one country dominates and controls another What are three reasons countries engage in imperialism? extend their power; get raw materials; proselytize 94. What is colonialism? the attempt by a country to acquire colonies 95. What is a protectorate? a country whose defense is run by another country Give an example of a protectorate Puerto Rico--controlled by U.S. 96. What is a "sphere of influence?" area where a foreign power has rights to trade. What country was split up into spheres of influence? China in the late 1800s. What three forms does imperialism take? colony, sphere of influence, protectorate 97. What is militarism? the build up of military power; glorification of war 98. What is diplmacy? negotiations between nations to settle disputes What is a diplomat? a person who negotiates on behalf of a country 99. What is a trench? a ditch dug to protect soldiers In what war were trenches used extensively? World War I 100. Describe "no man's land." a desolate area in between enemies trenches What was the main obstacle placed in "no man's land"? barbed wire 101. What are reparations? compensation for war damage What country was forced to pay reparations after WWI? Germany 102. What is a mandate? a territory controlled by another country Who gave out mandates after WWI? The League of Nations In the Middle East, what two countries did France get? Syria and Lebanon In the Middle East, what two area did Gr. Britain get? Jordan and Palestine Who controlled these areas before WWI? Ottoman Empire 103. What is a period of prosperity like? lots of wealth is created: busineses are successful 104. Describe what a depression is like widespread unemployment; businesses and banks close 105. What is a protective tariff? taxes on goods that are imported into a country? Why do countries put up protective tariffs? Make imported goods cost more--protects local business 106. What is inflation? the increase in the price of goods--money is worth less 107. What is the philosophy of "fascism?" extreme nationalism and a totalitarian state List the three fascist states (before WWII) Italy, Germany, and Japan 108. What is anti-semitism? hatred of Jewish people What totalitarian dictator taught anti-semitism? Adolf Hitler 109. What is totalitarianism? an all-powerful state; gov't has total control Who are four totalitarian leaders? Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, and Tojo 110. What is collectivization? forcing (collecting) people onto large state run farms Name the leader and country who used collectivization. Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union 111. What was the New Economic Policy? Lenin's plan to improve the Soviet economy. How did the New Economic Policy help? It used capitalism and allowed some freedom to people. 112. What are Five Year Plans? Stalin's plans to industrialize the Soviet Union. 113. What country forced atheism on its people? Stalin forced this on the Soviet Union 114. What was the KGB and who started it? They were Stalin's secret police who spied on people. 115. If you believe in pacifism, what do you believe? War should NEVER be used to solve a dispute or problem 116. What is appeasement? giving into someone's demands in order to keep peace What two countries used appeasement to placate Hitler? France and Great Britain. 117. Describe a concentration camp. a prison camp where political prisoners are kept Who used concentration camps in WWII? Hitler sent Jews there 118. What was the idea of the "master race." Hitler's idea that the Germans were superior to all 119. What was the "final solution." Nazi solution to "Jewish problem"--kill them all 120. What is a genocide? a deliberate attempt to kill a group of people 121. What was a blitzkreig? German word for "lightening war"--based on fast attack 122. What is a superpower? a powerful, influential country with a group of allies Who were the two superpowers after WWII? United States and the Soviet Union. 123. What is an arms race? competition between two countries to build up weapons Who was involved in an arms race in the Cold War? the United States verus the Soviet Union 124. What is a satallite? a country controlled by a near-by power. What group of countries were satallites of the USSR? all the countries in Eastern Europe. 125. What was the "iron curtain." the political barrior that separated communist v. free. What two areas did the "iron curtain" separate? Eastern Europe (communist) and Western Europe (free) 126. What was the idea behind "containment"? contain communism--don't let it spread--stop it. 127. What was the idea behind "deterrence." have lots of nuclear weapons discourage an enemy attack 128. What is passive resistence? getting arrested without resistence--to protest a law 129. What is civil disobedience? disobeying unjust laws without using violence or riots 130. What is "self-determination?" idea that each nation should control its own affairs What organization supported "self-determination?" the United Nations 131. What is apartheid? strict racial separation and discrimination In what country was apartheid official policy? South Africa PEOPLE 1. Who was the founder of Judaism? Abraham What did the covenant say that Abraham made with God? that the Jews would be God's "chosen people" 2. Who are Hebrews? Another name for Jewish people 3. What did Moses do? He led the Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt. What did Moses write? first five books of the Torah. What did God give Moses? the 10 Commandments. 4. Who was the founder of Christianity? Jesus Christ Who do Christians believe Jesus to be? the messiah--the Son of God What do Christians believe about Christ's life? that he lived a perfect life--without sin. What do Christians believe happened after Jesus' death? that Jesus rose from the dead. How do Christians believe you get salvation? Have faith in Jesus--that he died and rose again What do Christians believe Christ did for them? Died for their sins, so they could go to heaven 5. What is a messiah? someone who saves you from your sin Who do Christians believe is the messiah? Jesus Christ 6. Who are missionaries? people who proselytize for a religion Which three religions send out missionaries? Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism 7. Who was Paul? Christian missionary; wrote most of the New Testament 8. What church is the Pope head of? the Catholic Church? In what city and country does the Pope live in? Rome, Italy 9. What religion did Muhammad found? Islam What holy book did Muhammad write? the Koran 10. What is a "Muslim?" any person who believes in the Islamic religion 11. Who are Arabs? ethnic group who live in the Middle East What religion are most Arabs? Islamic 12. Who are the Sunni? a group of Muslims who believe jihad is spiritual only 13. Who are the Shi'ites? group of Muslims; believe jihad is a real war Which group would be involved in a suicide bombing? Shi'ites Which group would a radical Shi'ite try to kill? Jews 14. Who are Palestinians? Muslims who live in what is now called Israel What do the Palestinians want? Israel to be called Palestine again and run by Muslims Which sect of Islam do most Palestinians belong to? Shi'ites 15. Who founded Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama 16. What is a Buddha, and who was he? an enlightened person--name for Siddhartha Gautama 17. Name the Indian ruler that spread Buddhism? Asoka Where did Asoka spread Buddhism? East Asia (China, Vietnam...) 18. What did Petrarch write? sonnets 19. What is Michelangelo best known for? Painting the "Sistine Chapel" and sculpting "David" 20. What is Leonardo da Vinci best known for? Painting the "Mona Lisa" and the "Last Supper" 21. Name two plays Shakespeare is well known for. MacBeth and Hamlet; (also wrote Romeo and Juliet) 22. Who wrote the book "In Praise of Folly?" Erasmus What was "In Praise of Folly" about? ridiculed Catholic Church abuses 23. What did Cervantes write? Don Quixote What type of book was Don Quixote? it was one of the first novels What was the story Don Quixote about? a knight (Don Quixote) who is an idiot 24. What did Johannes Gutenburg invent? The moveable-type printing press Why was the printing press so important? helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance& Reformation 25. Who started the Reformation? Martin Luther Where was Luther from? the Northern Holy Roman Empire (Germany) What church did Luther start? Lutheran What did Luther not like about the Catholic Church? Abuses and corruption, like indulgences How did Luther believe a person got salvation? by faith ALONE in Jesus Christ 26. What doctrine did John Calvin argue for? predestination Where was Calvin from? Switzerland Calvin said Christians should have what three values? moral living, hard work, and thrift (careful with $) 27. What country was Henry VIII king of? England Why did Henry leave the Catholic Chruch? The Pope wouldn't give him a divorse What did Henry do with Church lands in England? took them and sold them for the money Who became the head of Henry's new national church? Henry VIII--HIMSELF! 28. What did the Jesuits do? proselytize on behalf of the Catholic Church Why did the Catholic Church send out the Jesuits? The Pope hoped to stop the Protestantism from growing What did the Jesuits do to help people? start schools and feed the poor 29. Who were the Huguenots? Protestants who lived in France What French law gave Huguenots freedom of relgion? the Edict of Nantes Who repealed the Edict of Nantes? Louis XIV 30. What country was Queen Elizabeth from? England--daughter of Henry VIII What did Elizabeth do in England in regards to relgion? made Anglicanism the national church of England 31. What family dynasty ruled the Holy Roman Empire? the Hapsburg family Who did the Hapsburgs support during the Reformation? The Catholic Church What did the Hapsburgs do to help the Catholic Church? go to war with the Protestant princes of the H.R.E. 32. Where did the Mayans live? on the Yukatan Peninsula in Mexico What are the Mayans best known for? using calculus and building pyramids 33. Where did the Incas live? In the Andes Mountains of Peru and Chili What are Incas best known for? road building and growing potatoes 34. Where did the Aztecs live? in central Mexico What were the Aztecs best known for? cutting out their enemies hearts 35. Where was Prince Henry "the Navigator" from? Portugal How did Prince Henry aid navigation and exploration? paid for: study of navigation & ocean expeditions 36. Where was Vasco da Gama from? Portugal What did da Gama do? sailed around Africa then sailed to India 37. Who did Columbus sail for? Spain Why did he set sail? to find an eastern route to Asia to get spices Why did Columbus fail? Because he ran into America 38. What is Magellan best known for? leading the first circumnavigation voyage Who did Magellan sail for? Spain 39. What is a conquistador? a Spanish conquerer or soldier in America 40. What is Cortez best known for? conquerering the Aztecs What country was Cortez from? Spain What land did Cortez claim for Spain? Mexico 41. What was Francisco Pizzaro best known for? conquerering the Incas What country was Pizzaro from? Spain What land did Pizzaro claim for Spain? Western South America 42. Who did Sir Francis Drake sail for? England What is Drake best remembered for? first Englishman to circumnavigate the world 43. Where was Jacques Cartier from? France What land did Cartier claim for France? Canada (Quebec) 44. Who was Cardinal Richelieu? A French advisor to the King in the early 1600s What did Richelieu seek to do in France? create and absolute monarchy How did Richelieu help make an absolute monarchy? weakened upperclasses and strengthened the military 45. Name the absolute ruler from France. Louis XIV (14th) What did Louis say about himself? He said: "I am the state!" What did Louis build to show his power? the Palace of Versailles 46. Was the absolute ruler from Prussia? Frederick II the Great What did Frederick the Great do in Prussia? built a very strong military What language do Prussians speak? German 47. Who was the absolute monarch from Russia? Peter the Great What was Peter the Great obsessed with doing? westernizing Russia--making it like England 48. What did Copernicus formulate? the heliocentric theory 49. What did Johannes Kepler prove to be true? that planets move in orbits around the sun 50. What did Galileo prove to be true? using a telescope, he proved the heliocentric theory 51. Who discovered the laws of gravity? Isaac Newton 52. Who discovered the circulation of blood in animals? William Harvey 53. Who wrote Leviathan? Thomas Hobbes (England) What did Hobbes believe to be the best government? an absolute monarchy Why did Hobbes believe in absolute monarchy? He thought chaos would reign without it 54. What book did John Locke write? Two Treatises of Government What did Englishman John Locke believe? People were sovereign; NO divine right for Kings What did Locke believe to be government's main job? to protect our natural rights What are our three main natural rights? the rights to life, liberty, and property 55. Who wrote Spirit of Laws? Baron de Montesquieu (France) What idea did Montesquieu put forth? the doctrine of "separations of powers" What does the "separation of powers" refer to? Gov't powers should be separated between diff. branches 56. What is Voltaire best known for? defending freedom of speech and religion 57. What did Jean Jacques Rousseau write? The Social Contract What did Rousseau say about government? said it was a contract between people and rulers What did Rousseau say about rebellion? Rebel whenever people felt necessary\ 58. Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart? An Enlightenment Composer 59. Who was Johanne Sabastian Bach? An Enlightenment Composer 60. What was Delacroix best known for? painting "Liberty leading the People" 61. What country was Charles I king of? England During what war was Charles I king? English Civil War How did Charles I cause the English Civil War? by ruling as an absolute monarch by divine right 62. Who was Oliver Cromwell? military leader of Parliament during Eng. Civil War What did Cromwell do? Won Civil War; beheaded Charles I; became dictator 63. Who was Charles II? Son of Charles I; restored as king after Cromwell died What law did Charles II sign into law? Habeau Corpus--right to a speedy trial 64. What did James II do to cause Glorious Revolution? ignored Habeas Corpus; tried to rule by divine right What happens to James II? Parliament overthrows him and James II flees to France 65. Who did Parliament appoint to replace James II? William and Mary 66. What is Thomas Jefferson famous for writing? the Declaration of Independence When was the Declaration signed? July 4, 1776 Who had the greatest influence on Jefferson's writing? John Locke--"rights to life, liberty, and property" 67. Who took over France and ended the French Rev.? Napoleon Boneparte How did Napoleon take over France? in a coup d'etat In what did year did Napoleon take over France? 1799 What did Napoleon do after becoming Emperor of France? He tried to take over all of Europe. What empire did Napoleon destroy? the Holy Roman Empire. 68. Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture? former slave:led a rebellion against French in Haiti 69. What is Simon Bolivar famous for doing? Helping all of South America win independence from Spain 70. Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna? Prince Metternich From which country was Mettenich from? Austria What did Metternich want to do? Return Europe to the way it was BEFORE the French Rev. How was Metternich going to keep the peace in Europe? setting up alliances and keeping the balance of power 71. What did Guiseppi Garibaldi do? united southern Italy--then all of Italy How did Garibaldi unite Italy? by the use of guerilla warfare 72. Who was Count Covour? an Italian leader who united northern Italy 73. Who united Germany? Otto von Bismark from Prussia How did he say he was going to do it? "by blood and iron" What war did Bismark fight to unite Germany? Franco-Prussian War of 1870 What term is associated with Bismark? realpolitik 74. What did Henry Bessemer invent? a new process to make steel quickly and cheaply Why was this important to industrialization? steel used to build buildings, trains, and weapons 75. What did Eli Whitney invent? the cotton gin What effect did this have on industrialization? cotton cleaned really fast: textile production up big 76. What did James Watt invent? the steam engine Why was this important to industrializaton? Factories could run away from rivers or when frozen 77. What did Louis Pasteur discover? bacteria, which led to penicillin 78. What did Edward Jenner discover? a vaccine for small pox 79. What book did Adam Smith write? The Wealth of Nations What economic system did Smith support? laissez faire--capitalism 80. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? Karl Marx What did Marx believe about income (wages)? everyone should get an equal pay What type of gov't is needed to have equal pay? an absolute gov't that doesn't allow any freedom What type of economic system did Marx invent? communist 81. What is U.S. Commodore Perry best known for? ending Japan's isolationalism--opening it up for trade 82. Who were the Boxers? Chinese rebels who killed Europeans in Boxer Rebellion? When did the Boxer Rebellion take place? 1900 83. What company controlled affairs in India? the British East India Company 84. Whose assassination started World War I? Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary 85. Who were the Allies of World War I? France, Great Britain, Russia, and the U.S. (1917) 86. Who were the Central Powers of World War I? Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire 87. Who was the U.S. President during WWI? Woodrow Wilson What organization did Wilson want to start after WWI? the League of Nations 88. Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II? King of Germany during WWII? 89. Who was Tzar Nicolas II? ruler of Russia during WWI; murdered by Bolsheviks 90. What was the League of Nations? international organization formed to keep peace. What country did NOT join the League of Nations? the United States 91. Who were the Bolsheviks--what did they do? Russian communists: took over Russia in coup d'etat. 92. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? Vladimir Lenin What new country did Lenin and the Bolsheviks start? Soviet Union: USSR--Union of Soviet Socialist Republics What plan did Lenin use to get the Soviet economy going New Economic Plan 93. Who was the fascist dictator of Italy? Benito Mussolini Why was Mussolini popular? gave people jobs; fixed military and economy 94. Who were the Blackshirts? followers of Mussulini who killed anyone opposing him 95. What book did Hitler write? Mein Kampf: "My Struggle" What country did Hitler rule? Germany Who did Hitler blame Germany's problems on? the Jews and the Treaty of Versailles What party did Hitler belong to? National Socialist Party--Nazi Party for short Why was Hitler popular? Fixed economy, rebuilt military, made Germany strong 96. Who were the Stormtroopers? Supporters of Hitler; terrorized opposition to Hitler What groups did Stormtroopers beat up on the most? Jews and communists 97. What is "Nazi" short for? National Socialist Party 98. Who was the totalitarian dictator of the USSR? Joseph Stalin What are the five policies Stalin forced on the USSR? state farms, atheism, 5 year plan, KGB, Great Purge 99. What emperor did Japanese worship before WWII? Hirohito 100. Who was Japan's totalitarian dictator? Tojo What did Tojo want to do? Make Japan a powerful empire Where did Tojo wish to expand Japan's empire? into Korea, China, and all of Southeast Asia What country stood in Tojo's way? United States 101. Who were the Allies of WWII? Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, France 102. Who were the Axis Powers of WWII? Germany, Italy, and Japan 103. Who was the U.S. President during WWII? Franklin D. Roosevelt 104. Who was Prime Minister of Britain during WWII? Winston Churchill 105. Who was Dwight D. Eisenhower? U.S. General--Commander of Allied Forces in Europe 106. Who was Douglas MacArthur? U.S. General--Commander of U.S. forces in Pacific What did MacArthur do after WWII? Was military Governor of Japan; General in Korean War 107. Who was George Marshall U.S. General--wrote the Marshall Plan after WWII 108. Who became President after Roosevelt died? Harry Truman What controversial attack did Truman order in Aug 1945? The nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 109. Who were the Armenians? ethnic group in Ottoman Empire killed by the Turks 110. Who are the Tutsi? minority ethnic group in Rwanda being killed by Hutus 111. Who are the Hutu? majority ethnic group in Rwanda who kill Tutsi 112. Who are the Croats? minority group in Bosnia being killed by the Serbs 113. What two groups were Serbs killing in 1990s? Muslims and Croats 114. What is the United Nations (UN)? international org. created to help keep peace. When was the first military UN group used? Korean War--1950 115. What is NATO? North Atlantic Treaty Organization? What was NATO formed to do? protect member countries from a USSR nuclear attack 116. What was the Warsaw Pact? Communist version of NATO; alliance against NATO 117. Who led the communist Chinese Revolution? Mao Zedung 118. Who did Mao Zedung defeat? Chiang Kai-Shek What island did Kai-Shek flee to? Taiwan What country supported Kai-Shek and Taiwan? United States 119. Who led the communist Revolution in Cuba? Fidel Castro in 1959 120. Who was the communist leader of Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh Who did Ho Chi Minh defeat before fighting the U.S.? France 121. Who was Pol Pot? communist leader of Cambodia What is Pol Pot infamous for? killing millions of his own people in a genocide 122. Which U.S. President who helped end the Cold War? Ronald Reagan How did Reagan do this? By bankrupting the USSR in an arms race What statement is Reagan remembered for? "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!" (the Berlin Wall) 123. Who was the Soviet leader during the late 1980s? Gorbachev 124. Who led India to independence? Gandhi From what country did India gain its independence? Great Britain 125. Who led Kenya to independence? Kenyatta Events 1. What is Passover? Jewish holiday: When Moses led Hebrews out of slavery Where were the Hebrews enslaved? Egypt 2. What is the Jewish New Year called? Rosh Hashanah 3. What does Christmas celebrate? the birth of Jesus Christ 4. What does Easter celebrate? Jesus Christ rising from the dead 5. What is the Islamic holy month called? Ramadan 6. What does Renaissance mean? rebirth What was there a rebirth of during the Renaissance? cultural rebirth: study of Greek and Roman culture When was the Renaissance? 1350-1600 7. What was the Reformation? movement to reform the Catholic Church Who started the Reformation? Martin Luther What was the Catholic Church's reaction to reform? hated it, tried persecute reformers What Christian group was formed due to the Reformation? Protestant What did Protestants say about the Bible? Said it was final authority: above the Pope When was the Reformation? 1517-1560 8. What was settled at the Peace of Augsburg? German Princes of H.R.E. get to choose their religion What two religions did these Princes get to choose from Lutheran (Protestant) or Roman Catholic Where in the H.R.E. did most Princes choose Lutheran? in the north 9. What was the Inquisition? Catholic court set up to persecute (hang) Protestants 10. What happened during the Age of Discovery? Europeans discovered N. and S. America; visited Asia 11. What was the Enlightenment? saw the study the world using scientific method What were thinkers no longer held back by? superstition or tradition When was the Enlightenment? 1600-1800 12. What was the Age of Reason? describes Enlightenment due to emphasis on reason 13. When was the English Civil War? 1642-1649 Why did the English Civil War begin? Parliament rebelled against absolutist Charles I Who won the English Civil War? Parliament, led by Cromwell Who beheaded Charles I? Oliver Cromwell 14. When was the Glorious Revolution? 1689 Why was it called "Glorious?" it was bloodless--no one died Why did it happen? Parliament rebelled against absolute monarch James II Who did Parliament replace James II with? William and Mary What laws did Parliament pass after the Glorious Rev.? English Bill of Rights and Habeaus Corpus 15. When was the French Revolution? 1789-1799 Why did the French Revolution happen? Rebellion against absolute monarch Louis XVI. What two things did people hate about Louis XVI? High taxes on poor, didn't allow democracy What happened to Louis XVI? He was beheaded Who ended the French Revolution in 1799? Napoleon in a coup d'etat 16. What was the "Storming of the Bastille"? a peasant revolt against the Bastille prison Why did the peasants choose Bastille? To them, it was a symbol of the King's absolutism 17. What was the Reign of Terror? New French gov't kills anyone who opposes them Why did the French Revolution begin to be hated? It made France a chaotic place; people wanted peace 18. What was the Congress of Vienna? a peace conference after the Napoleonic Wars What year did it take place? 1815 Who dominated the conference? Prince Metternich of Austria what was the chief goal of the Congress of Vienna? Return Europe to what is was BEFORE the French Rev. What does Each letter in D.R.E.A.M. stand for? D=dominated by Prince Metternich R=redrew map to make France weak E=established alliances to stop rebellion A=alliances kept balance of power M=monarchies restored to power 19. Why did the Revolutions of 1848 happen? people wanted democracy to vote in reforms in cities 20. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? c. 1750 in England Why did it start in England? "rule of law", coal, iron ore, and inventions Where did people migrate to during the Indust. Rev? cities to get jobs How did the Indust. Rev. effect standard of living? it rose rapidly--people could buy more! 21. When was the Age of Imperialism? 1870-1914 What happended during the Age of Imperialism? European countries created colonies in Asia and Africa What three factors caused the Age of Imperialism? nationalism; proselytize religon; natural resourses Who was the greatest imperialist power in the 1800's? Great Britain 22. What was the Treaty of Versailles? Peace treaty after World War I When was the Treaty of Versailles signed? 1919 Who was punished by the Treaty of Versailles? Germany What four punishments did Germany receive? reparations; guilt; loss of territory; loss of military What land area did Germany have to give to France? Alsace-Lorraine 23. When did the Russian Revolution take place? 1917 Who took over the gov't after the Russian Revolution? Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks Why did the Tzar end up in J.A.I.L? J=Japan won Russo-Japan War in 1905: Russians mad A=absolutism of Tzar; people wanted freedom I=incompetant military in WWII; lots of defeats L=Landless peasants--they wanted land! What new country replaced Russia? Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR-Soviet Union) 24. What year did the Stock Market Crash take place? 1929 What did the Stock Market Crash start? a Worldwide Depression 25. What was the "Great Depression"? massive economic collapse in 1930s What effect did the Great Depression have on Germany? over 40% of the people were out of work How did Hitler gain support during the Depression? Blamed the depression on Jews and Treaty of Versailles Why did Germans dislike Jews so much? Many Jews were bankers and business owners: jealousy 26. What was the Great Purge? Stalin's killing of anyone who opposed him in 1930's 27. What was the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? Deal between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other What did this allow Hitler to do? conquer Western Europe without worrying about Stalin What did Hilter and Stalin decide about Poland? To split it in half between them 28. What was Kristallnacht? the "night of the broken glass" What happened during Kristallnacht? Nazis destroyed Jewish property in Germany and Austria What caused Kristallnacht A Jewish boy killed German official 29. What was the Holocaust? name given to German genocide of the Jews How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust? 6 million 30. What was Yalta 1945 peace conference near end of WWII. Who attended Yalta? Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill What international organization was created at Yalta? United Nations What area did Roosevelt agree to let Stalin have? Eastern Europe What happened to Germany at Yalta? Split into four parts 31. What was the Marshall Plan General Marshall's plan to rebuild Europe Why was the Marshall Plan necessary? To make sure western Europe didn't fall to communism 32. What was the Cold War? era of tension between U.S. and USSR Why was it called "cold?" the two countries never attacked each other directly When did the Cold War happen? 1947-1991 33. What was the Berlin Airlift? A U.S. action to supply West Berlin with food Why did the Berlin Airlift take place? Stalin blockaded West Berlin to get the U.S. to leave Who ordered the Berlin Airlift to take place President Harry Truman Who won this first faceoff in the Cold War? United States 34. When did the Chinese Revolution happen? 1949 Who was the communist who took over and won China? Mao Zedung Who did Mao defeat in the Revolution? Chiang Kai-Shek Where did Kai-Shek flee to after defeat? island of Taiwan What country supported Kai-Shek? United States 35. What was the Cuban Revolution of 1959? communist takeover of Cuba Who led the Cuban communists? Fidel Castro 36. What was the Berlin Wall? Soviet wall buily in Berlin Why did the Soviets build The Berlin Wall? people were escaping communism through West Berlin What year was the Berlin Wall built? 1961 What year did the Berlin Wall fall? 1989 37. What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis? the USSR tried to put nuclear missiles in Cuba What was the result? the USSR backed off after the US threatened war 38. When did the Soviet Union collapse? 1991 Why did the USSR collapse? Its economy collapsed due to Reagan's arms race DATES 1. When did the Renaissance happen? 1350-1600 2. Give the dates for the Reformation. 1517-1560 Name two leaders of the Reformation. Martin Luther and John Calvin 3. When was the Age of Exploration? c. 1450-1650 What date did Columbus find America? 1492 4. What are the dates of the Enlightenment? 1600-1800 What are the three parts to the Enlightenment? Age of Reason, Scientific Rev., and Age of Absolutism 5. What are the dates of the English Civil War? 1642-1649 Who did Cromwell behead at the end of the Civil War? Charles I 6. When did Louis XIV rule France? 1643-1715 7. State the dates of the Glorious Revolution 1688-1689 8. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? c. 1750 in England 9. What was signed in 1776? the Declaration of Independence 10. What are the dates of the French Revolution? 1789-1799 Who ended the French Revolution? Napoleon in a coup d'etat 11. When was the Congress of Vienna? 1815 Who dominated the Congress of Vienna? Prine Metternich of Austria 12. When did a series of Revolutions happen in Europe? 1848 13. When was Germany united? 1870 Who united Germany? Otto von Bismark What war did Bismark fight to unite Germany? Franco-Prussian War What other country was united in 1870? Italy 14. When did the Age of Imperialism happen? 1870-1914 15. When was the Russo-Japanese War? 1905 16. State the dates of World War I. 1914-1918 17. When was the Russian Revolution? 1917 When did the United States enter World War I? 1917 18. In what year did the Stock Market Crash? 1929 19. When was the Great Depression 1929 through 1930's 20. State the dates of World War II 1939-1945 21. What event took place on December 7, 1941? Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor 22. What day did the D-Day invasion begin? June 6, 1944 23. The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on: August 6, 1945 24. What are the dates of the Cold War? |
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