http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/carbon/efcarbon.html

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/

NOTES:

Photosynthesis and Respiration Notes (pp.136-137)

autotroph – anorganism that makes its own food (“self-feeder”)

photosynthesis – whenthe sun’s energyis used to convert water and carbon

dioxide into sugars.

producer – organismsthat produce organicmolecules that serve as food for the

organisms in theirecosystem(also referred to as autotrophs)

heterotroph – organismsthat cannot maketheir own food

·     heterotrophs must depend on producers to supply energyand

materialsfor life and growth

·    Since producers obtain their energy from the sun,even consumers depend on the

sunfor energy

consumer – organismsthat must obtain food by eating producers or other

consumers(also referred to as heterotrophs)

cellular respiration –a chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy

stored in organicmolecules into another form of chemical energy called ATP

(adenosinetriphosphate), which is used as the main energy supply for organisms.

Through photosynthesis and cellularrespiration, a common set of chemicals are recycled.

Photosynthesis: Usingenergy from the sun, the atoms of water and carbon

dioxide are rearranged toproduce glucoseand oxygen.

H₂0          +          CO₂          +          energy          à          C₆H₁₂O₆          +         O₂

                                 (water)          (carbondioxide)        (sunlight)                     (glucose)                 (oxygen)

Respiration: Using oxygen,the energy stored in glucose is released, producing

water, carbon dioxide, and energyin the form of ATP.

C₆H₁₂O₆          +          O₂          à          H₂0          +          CO₂          +          energy

                                  (glucose)                  (oxygen)                 (water)        (carbon dioxide)           (ATP)

***The relationship between photosynthesis and respiration: the products of one are the

reactants of the other, creatinga continuing cycle. ***

STUDY GUIDE

1. What is the water cycle?  The water cycle is a continuous movement of water among the oceans, atmosphere, and land. 

2. List and describe the main processes involved in the water cycle.

·         Evaporation- ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ solar energy causes water to go from liquid to vapor

·         Transpiration- water is released as vapor from the leaves of plants

·         Condensation- as water cools, it forms droplets on small particles in the air, making clouds

·         Precipitation- water droplets/ice in clouds, get too heavy, and gravity makes them fall to ground

·         Runoff- flows over Earth’s surface

·         Infiltration/Percolation- water seeping through rock and soil, filtered in the process

·         Accumulation- gathering of water in areas like lakes, streams, and oceans

3. Sketch a diagram of the water cycle.

4. What kind of processes can keep water “locked away” for periods of time?

Frozen in glaciers/iceburgs, circulated into the deep sea, locked away in ground water that cannot resurface.

5. What is the rock cycle? The rock cycle is a series of processes in which rocks continuously change from one type to another due to forces within Earth and at the surface.

6. List and describe the processes involved in the rock cycle?
• weathering and erosion, which makes sediment
• compaction and cementation, which makes sedimentary rock
• heat and pressure, which makes metamorphic rock
• melting, which makes magma
• cooling, which makes igneous rock
• The rock materials circulate between sedimentary rock, igneous rock, and metamorphic rock.
7. Sketch a diagram of the rock cycle, including the 3 main types of rocks.

8. What are the three main living steps involved in any form of nutrient cycling? Describe them.

·         Producers-  take in inorganics and turn them into organic compounds through photosynthesis_

·         Consumers- eat the organics that that the producers make, take in some materials, and they release some wastes to the environment and/or die

·         Decomposers- break down organics from other organisms and restore inorganics

9. What is another word used for a producer? What is another word used for a consumer?

Producer- autotroph; consumer- heterotroph

10. What is detritus? It is made of wastes and remains of dead organisms. Decomposers obtain energy by feeding on this and breaking it down.
11. What is a decomposer?  An organism that breaks down dead and decaying matter to recycle nutrients and restore inorganic materials

12. What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? Label the reactants and the products.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O  + sunlight energy   à  C₆H₁₂O₆  + O₂

                                    |______Reactants_________|     |_products__|

13. What is the equation for photosynthesis in words?  Carbon Dioxide, water, and sunlight energy are used to make glucose and oxygen.
14. What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and the products.

C₆H₁₂O₆  + O₂         à      6CO₂ + 6H₂O  + ATP energy  

                                   |__Reactants_|         |________products____ _|

15. What is the equation for cellular respiration in words?  Glucose and oxygen are used to make carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

16. How are photosynthesis and respiration related to the carbon/oxygen cycle?

·         Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide (inorganic) to make food (organic carbon) and oxygen.

·         Respiration takes in oxygen, and releases carbon dioxide.

·         Organic wastes also are broken down by decomposers to restore the inorganic C to the environment. 

17. What is the carbon cycle? What are the living processes involved in the carbon cycle?

The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon in its organic and inorganic forms through the biosphere, oceans, atmosphere, geosphere.

The steps are:

• CO₂ gas (inorganic) is in the atmosphere.
• Inorganic carbon gets used by producers in photosynthesis, changing the carbon to organics.
• Organics are taken in by consumers when they eat producers.
• During cellular respiration, both producers, consumers, and decomposers break down sugars (organic carbon) and release carbon dioxide gas (inorganic carbon).
• This CO₂ gas is then available for producers to use in photosynthesis.
• The process begins again.

18. What are some non-living processes involved in the carbon cycle?

·         Processes that release CO₂: Volcanic activity, combustion of fossil fuels

·         Processes that lock in CO₂: rock formation, buried fossil fuels

19. Sketch a diagram of the Carbon cycle, including all the factors that affect it. (You can attached the one that you did as a homework assignment.)

20. What do humans do to impact the carbon cycle? What impact does it have?

We burn fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This causes the carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere to increase more quickly than it can be used, increasing the greenhouse effect. Ultimately, this may lead to global warming._

21. What is the “greenhouse effect”?_Increased CO₂ in the atmosphere causes heat from the sun to become trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. This may lead to worldwide climate change (global warming).

22. Draw a sketch of the greenhouse effect below:

23. What is global warming? What causes it to happen?_

·         Global warming is the increasing average temperature of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere.

·         It is caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leading to an increased greenhouse effect.

24. What are some of the possible effects of global warming?
• Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
• Rise in sea level
• Change in Earth’s weather /precipitation patterns
• Flooding
• Droughts
• Shift in biomes
• Ecological changes, possible extinctions