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~~~ Honors Foundations of Life Science (Grade 9) ~~~
Welcome to Honors Foundations of Life Science!
Within this page, as you scroll down, you will find the following information that might be helpful for you: 1. A list of the daily logs for the current cycle, including the homework assignments given each day. 2. A list of important dates for tests, quizzes, projects due, etc. 3. If I can, I will also paste copies of notes sheets given in class, practice questions, and practice worksheets. Please see the attachments at the bottom of the page.
I will make every attempt to update the logs and information on this page daily. At the beginning of each new cycle, the information from the previous cycle will be removed to make room for new material.
I hope you find this helpful. Please feel free to use the e-mail link on this page if you have any questions.
~Mrs. Whitney
Textbook web address:
Login name and password: first and last name, all one word, all lower case. Contact Mrs. Whitney if you have any questions!
>>>>>>>>>>>>CYCLE 3 DAILY LOGS <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
10/28/09
WU- What makes you who you are? Where did you get it? HW- P. 231 #1-3 Objectives: Describe the DNA molecule. Explain the function of the DNA molecule.
10/29/09 WU- What is the structure of the DNA molecule? What part of it stores information? HW- p. 241 #1 and 4 Objectives: Explain how the DNA message is used to make proteins.
10/30/09 WU- What is made during transcription? During translation? HW- Have a good, safe weekend! Objectives: Explain how the DNA message is used to make proteins.
11/2/09- Mrs. Whitney was absent. Work to be completed (classwork and homework): 1. Read pp. 266-267. Define vocabulary on p. 266. Do #1-3 on p. 267. 2. Read pp. 268-272. Define vocabulary on p. 268. Do #3-4 on p. 272. 3. Read pp. 274-277. Define vocabulary on p. 274. Take notes (at least 1 piece of information per paragraph). Describe some benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms (at least 2 of each).
11/3/09- No School
11/4/09 WU- What is a Genetically Modified organism? HW- Quiz- 5 questions on DNA transcription and translation. (Can be done during class) Objectives: 1. Describe what a genetically modified organism is. 2. Explain how organisms are genetically modified. 3. Discuss the benefits and risks of genetically modified (GM) foods.
11/5/09 WU- Review your information from your research yesterday. HW- Work on your editorial article so you can turn them in tomorrow. Objectices: same as yesterday.
11/6/09 Same as Yesterday- finish the editorials, and begin Bacteria and Infectious disease worksheets.
11/9/09 WU- What are some of the benefits and Drawbacks of GM foods? HW- Finish the genetic engineering quiz (5 questions) Objectives: 1) What is genetic engineering? 2) Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of genetic engineering.
11/10/09- Mrs. Whitney was absent. Students reviewed the bacteria worksheets and the Infectious disease notes with the substitute teacher. (posted below) HW- Study for the DWTA Friday!
11/11/09- Veterans' day. No school!
11/12/09 WU- Infectious Disease Questions. HW- Study for the DWTA! Objectives: 1) Discuss the causes of infectious diseases. 2) Describe how infectious diseases can be prevented and treated. 3) Review for the DTWA exam on Friday.
11/13/09 WU- Review for teh DWTA exam with a partner. HW- Enjoy shop. Complete any extra credit assignments. Objectives: Complete the District Wide Assessment.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Important Dates: 11/4/09- Quiz- DNA trascription and translation 11/6/09- Editorial article on GM foods due 11/9/09- Quiz- Genetic engineering/GMO's 11/12/09- Quiz- Viruses, bacteria, and vaccines 11/13/09- DWTA Notes: Cell Structure and function: Animal cells have a thin, flexible outer layer called a cell membrane.
Plants cells have 3 things that animal cells do not: chloroplasts, cell walls, and large central vacuoles.
Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. They only have DNA, cytoplasm, a cell wall, and ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the cell parts that use the instructions from the nucleus to make proteins.
Cell membranes can only allow smaller molecules to pass through by diffusion. For large molecules to pass through, active transport must be used, like exocytosis and endocytosis.
Among other things, enzymes are useful for the body’s metabolic processes by breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules. They are involved in many cell processes, acting as a catalyst.
Infectious Diseases: Bacteria and viruses are not the same thing! They are two very different things. They do not turn into each other. Bacteria are bacteria. Viruses are viruses.
PATHOGENS- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogens. Pathogens can also be other microorganisms or viruses that cause illness.
Infectious disease can be transmitted by physical contact, contaminated water and food, or by animals.
Viruses cause infection by entering the body cells and making the cells reproduce the virus. Viruses CANNOT reproduce independently (on their own).
Vaccines help a person by helping their immune systems make memory cells so that they can produce antibodies if they ever see the real thing. The memory cells provide resistance to that pathogen.
If a person receives a vaccine for a virus, then they are better able to produce antibodies to fight that virus later, if they see the real thing.
Antibiotics fight infections by killing bacteria. They can ONLY kill bacteria.
Genes and DNA: A gene is a unit of DNA that carries information for making a protein. Genes contain information for assembling (or making) proteins.
Not all of our proteins are coded for in our DNA. Some, we must ingest.
Transcription: Transcriptionà DNA message is copied to mRNA and taken out of the nucleus. mRNA is made.
DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell. It does not leave the nucleus. mRNA is made during transcription and mRNA takes the genetic code to the ribosomes.
Translation: Translationà at the ribosome, the mRNA is used build proteins, also using rRNA and tRNA.
Ribosomes are the cell parts that use the instructions from the nucleus to make proteins, so translation takes place on the ribosomes.
During translation, the cell will use the message from the mRNA to make proteins. (Proteins are produced during translation.)
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are all used during the process of translation for the production of proteins.
Genetic engineering: Researchers can use the sequence of the DNA in order to alter it to make new materials.
Transgenic organism are ones in which they have had DNA from another organisms placed into them.
Among the advantages of transgenic plants are that they can increase resistance of the plant to disease, increase crop yield, increase drought resistance, more nutritious, more delicious.
The advantage of using genetically engineered bacteria to produce human proteins is they can be used to mass produce pure human proteins to be used for medical treatments. (example, insulin for diabetics)
The Genetically Modified Foods Controversy (Concerns about impacts on human health and the environment)
most of the info in the table above came from the following web page: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Experimental Design: Independent variable- something that is purposefully changed between treatments in an experiment. It is what you want so test to see how it affects something else. (in Enzymes lab, the IV was enzyme treatment)
Dependent variable- something that is affected by the independent variable. What you usually want to measure or observe as the end result of your experiment. (in Enzymes lab, it was the amount of juice made) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I. Infectious diseases (pp. 677-678) A. Germ theory of disease (p. 677)- Infectious disease is caused by pathogens that can spread the disease from one organism to another organism 1. pathogens (p. 676)- disease-causing organisms or viruses 2. Include certain bacteria, protozoans, fungi, worms, and viruses B. Transmission of infectious diseases (p. 677) 1. Airborne pathogens can be inhaled 2. Physical contact can transfer some pathogens (especially if mucous membranes are contacted) 3. Contaminated food or water 4. Sexual contact 5. Bodily fluid exchange 6. Animal agent (example- Lyme disease and deer ticks)
II. Bacterial Structure A. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells (p. 361) 1. They have no nucleus 2. They have no membrane-bound organelles 3. They are usually surrounded by cell walls made of peptidoglycan 4. They do have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) B. Bacterial cell sketch: (p. 361)
D. Bacterial Reproduction (p. 363-364) 1. Binary fission 2. Cells divide to make exact copies of themselves II. How bacteria cause illness (p. 369) A. Directly destroying cells and tissues B. Producing toxic secretions C. Toxic cell wall components III. Viruses infect cells by inserting genes (372-375) A. Viruses are not cells B. Virus structure and Reproduction (p. 372) 1. Short piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat 2. Does not have its own machinery, so takes over that of other cells 3. Disease-causing virus uses equipment of host cell to reproduce a) Lytic Cycle- virus injects DNA or RNA into host cell, host cell makes more viruses, and host cell bursts and is destroyed b) Lysogenic Cycle (p. 372)- virus injects DNA or RNA into host cell, host cell takes in viral DNA into its DNA, each time the cell divides the new cells have copies of the viral DNA or RNA, cell lives (for the time being…) 4. some viral diseases include: herpes, AIDS, polio, cold, measles, mumps C. Defense Against Viral Diseases (p. 375) 1. Good hygiene 2. Immune system 3. Vaccines a. deactivated varieties of viruses or small pieces of pathogens b. stimulate immune system to defend against the real thing c. exposure to the vaccine makes the body better able to produce antibodies against the disease or pathogen in the future 4. Some viruses do not have vaccines a. Mutate rapidly, so the strains not recognized by immune system b. example- common cold and HIV 5. A few drugs have been developed to combat viruses a. These can interfere with production of viral structures b. Or they interfere with viral enzyme activity
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1. Bacteria are all around. Are they always harmful? (p. 369, intro) __No. Many are helpful or harmless to us.______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define pathogen (p. 369): __A pathogen is a disease-causing organism or virus.________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why are most people usually healthy? (p. 369) ____Our body has structural and chemical defenses against disease.________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Bacteria cause illness in two ways (p. 369): 1)_Bacteria can directly invade tissues and destroy cells (example: Tuberculosis).________ ____________________________________________________________________________
2)_Bacteria and can produce bacterial poisons._(example: botulism)____
5. What are the two types of bacterial poisons? (p. 369) 1)_Toxic proteins can be secreted from the bacterial cell._________ ____________________________________________________________________________
2)_Bacteria may have toxic cell wall components that cause harm when the bacterial cells contacts the cells of an organism. ____________
6. What are the two major reasons for decline in diseases? (p. 370) 1)__Better hygeine__________________________________________ 2)__Improved public health measures (sanitation, water treatment, etc.)
7. What are some good health behaviors to help prevent bacterial infection? (p. 370) __Washing hands, careful food preparation, attention to water quality __________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is one major public health priority throughout the world to try to fight bacterial disease? (p. 370) ___Installing water treatment systems____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
9. How does your body defend itself against disease? (p. 370) Skin and mucous lining of mouth, nose, and digestive system provide a barrier to bacteria. Chemical and cellular defenses of the immune system provide protection.
10. Name one way that antibiotics can help people fight disease. (p. 370) They kill bacteria. Many damage or prevent formation of bacterial cell walls. Other slow or prevent the growth of bacteria.
11. Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? (p. 370) They do not affect viruses. Some bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics, and their overuse causes these resistant bacteria to increase their percentages in the population.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DNA STRUCTURE Introduction Genes are the basic units of ____heredity____ passed from one ___generation___ to the next. They give you your ___traits___.
A gene is a section of __DNA__ that carries the information for a particular __trait__.
The Function of DNA
DNA is _____deoxyribonucleic____ __acid__, which is a kind of _______nucleic____ ___acid__.(p. 229)
DNA stores information on how to make ____proteins____.
Proteins make up almost all cell __structures__ and help carry out almost all life ____functions___.
The Building Blocks of DNA (pp. 229-230)
Nucleic acids like DNA are made up of smaller units, or monomers, called ___nucleotides___. (p. 229)
Each DNA nucleotide is made of 3 different types of materials. (p. 229)
· ___Adenine_____ (A) · ___Thymine_____ (T) · ___Guanine_____ (G) · ___Cytosine_____ (C)
There are 4 different kinds of nucleotides, which differ only in their nitrogen bases.
DNA Strands (p. 230)
Nucleotides are connected by chemical bonds joining the ___phosphates___ of one nucleotide to the ___sugars____ of another, forming long chains:
… - sugar – phosphate – sugar – phosphate – sugar – phosphate – sugar - …
This makes the “__backbone__” of the DNA molecule. You could also consider this the “__rails_” of the DNA ladder.
Complementary Base Pairs (p. 231) A T
The complementary base pairs (p. 231): G C ___C____ always pairs with __G_____
This is called __complementary___ base pairing.
Because of this, if we know the nitrogen bases on one side of the DNA strand, then we know the ___nitrogen___ ___bases_____ on the other side.
The DNA ladder:
The backbone: The nitrogen bases:
= sugar (deoxyribose) = cytosine
= phosphate = guanine
= thymine
= adanine = hydrogen bond
THE DNA MESSAGE:
The DNA message is carried in the nitrogen ___base___ ___pairs______.
The ___order___ of the base pairs adenine, thymine, _____cytosine____, and guanine along the DNA strand holds the information for making __proteins___.
The DNA structure is a “twisted ladder” or a ____double_____ ___helix___. DNA might be twisted for several possible reasons: 1. To save __space_____ and/or 2. To help __protect______ the DNA message
DNA REPLICATION I. The Template Mechanism (p, 233) A. DNA must be copied for two main reasons: 1. When a cell __divides___, a complete set of genetic instructions must be made for each new cell. 2. When an organism reproduces, the genetic information must go to the next generation. B. Each single strand serves as a template for the other complementary strand. 1. A pairs with T, C pairs with G 2. Because of the base pairing, if you know what is on one side of the molecule, you can determine the sequence on the other side. 3. New nucleotides line up with nucleotides on the existing strand and are linked together by enzymes. C. The process of copying DNA molecules is called DNA replication. II. Replication of the Double Helix A. Many enzymes are involved in DNA replication. B. The steps in replication: 1. At origins of replication, the DNA molecule to be copied “unzips” in both directions, creating a number of replication bubbles. 2. Each new nucleotide pairs with its complementary nucleotide on the open strand. 3. Enzymes called DNA polymerases make covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand. 4. Daughter strands grow on both sides of each replication bubble. 5. Eventually, all the bubbles merge to yield two double- stranded DNA molecules. 6. Half of each new strand is new, and half is from the original DNA strand.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
I. One Gene, One Polypeptide (p. 235) The function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a single polypeptide (protein). II. Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein (p. 236) A. The sequence of bases along the DNA molecule holds the message for making proteins. B. RNA- ribonucleic acid 1. A nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose 2. RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in its nitrogen bases 3. Single-stranded 4. Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA C. Transcription – copying the DNA message to mRNA so it can leave the nucleus D. Translation- using the mRNA to build proteins at the ribosome 2. Codon- a three-base “word” that codes for a particular amino acid (See Figure 11-12 on page 236) III. The Triplet Code (p. 237) A. Codon- (p. 236) - a three-base “word” that codes for a particular amino acid B. Each codon calls for a specific amino acid 1. AUG codes for methionine (Met) 2. UUC codes for phenylalanine (Phe) C. One genetic coding system is shared by almost all organisms. It’s considered universal. (See Figure 11-13 on page 237 for a codon chart)
IV. Transcription: DNA to mRNA (p. 238) A. Messenger RNA- mRNA 1. The message that is copied directly from the DNA 2. It carries the genetic information out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm B. Transcription steps: 1. The 2 strands of the DNA molecule separate, exposing open DNA nitrogen bases 2. RNA bases pair with the complementary DNA bases a. C pairs with G, and vice versa b. A in RNA pairs with T in DNA c. U in RNA pairs with A in DNA 3. An enzyme called RNA polymerase links RNA nucleotides together. 4. The new mRNA breaks away from the DNA 5. The DNA “re-zips”
V. Translation: RNA to Protein (pp. 239-240) A. The Players (p. 239) 1. mRNA brings the DNA message out of the nucleus to the ribosome 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - translates the 3-letter codons of mRNA to the amino acids that make up proteins. a. there is a different version of tRNA molecule to match each codon b. has 2 ends- one with an anticodon and one with an amino acid c. anticodon- the 3-base set on the tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a specific codon on the mRNA 3. Ribosomes- contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) a. coordinates functioning of mRNA and tRNA b. small subunit- has binding site for mRNA c. large subunit- has two binding sites for tRNA B. The Process (p. 240) 1. mRNA, tRNA with attached amino acid, and a ribosome (with rRNA) are brought together at the “start” codon on the mRNA, which is AUG (codes for methionine) 2. Amino acids are brought over one by one by tRNA and added to the polypeptide chain at the ribosome until a “stop” codon is reached on the mRNA a. another tRNA with the correct anticodon brings over the next amino acid b. the prior amino acid binds to the new amino acid c. the tRNA from the prior amino acid leaves the ribosome d. the tRNA now holding the polypeptide chain is moved to the next site on the ribosome e. the ribosome moves down the mRNA to the next codon (See Figures 11-18 and 11-19 on pages 240-241)
VI. Review of Protein Synthesis (p. 241) Information is carried from the DNA to the ribosome in the form of mRNA, and the __mRNA____ specifies the sequence of ___amino__ __acids__ that will be assembled by the ___tRNA____ and ___rRNA___ at the _____ribosomes______ to make the ____proteins___ needed for life’s structures and functions.
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