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~~~ Honors Foundations of Life Science (Grade 9) ~~~
Welcome to Honors Foundations of Life Science!
Within this page, as you scroll down, you will find the following information that might be helpful for you: 1. A list of the daily logs for the current cycle, including the homework assignments given each day. 2. A list of important dates for tests, quizzes, projects due, etc. 3. If I can, I will also paste copies of notes sheets given in class, practice questions, and practice worksheets. Please see the attachments at the bottom of the page.
I will make every attempt to update the logs and information on this page daily. At the beginning of each new cycle, the information from the previous cycle will be removed to make room for new material.
I hope you find this helpful. Please feel free to use the e-mail link on this page if you have any questions.
~Mrs. Whitney
Textbook web address:
Login name and password: first and last name, all one word, all lower case. Contact Mrs. Whitney if you have any questions!
>>>>>>>>>>>>CYCLE 3 DAILY LOGS <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
10/28/09
WU- What makes you who you are? Where did you get it? HW- P. 231 #1-3 Objectives: Describe the DNA molecule. Explain the function of the DNA molecule.
10/29/09 WU- What is the structure of the DNA molecule? What part of it stores information? HW- p. 241 #1 and 4 Objectives: Explain how the DNA message is used to make proteins.
10/30/09 WU- What is made during transcription? During translation? HW- Have a good, safe weekend! Objectives: Explain how the DNA message is used to make proteins.
11/2/09- Mrs. Whitney was absent. Work to be completed (classwork and homework): 1. Read pp. 266-267. Define vocabulary on p. 266. Do #1-3 on p. 267. 2. Read pp. 268-272. Define vocabulary on p. 268. Do #3-4 on p. 272. 3. Read pp. 274-277. Define vocabulary on p. 274. Take notes (at least 1 piece of information per paragraph). Describe some benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms (at least 2 of each).
11/3/09- No School
11/4/09 WU- What is a Genetically Modified organism? HW- Quiz- 5 questions on DNA transcription and translation. (Can be done during class) Objectives: 1. Describe what a genetically modified organism is. 2. Explain how organisms are genetically modified. 3. Discuss the benefits and risks of genetically modified (GM) foods.
11/5/09 WU- Review your information from your research yesterday. HW- Work on your editorial article so you can turn them in tomorrow. Objectices: same as yesterday.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Important Dates: 11/4/09- Quiz- DNA trascription and translation 11/6/09- Editorial article on GM foods due 11/9/09- Quiz- Genetic engineering/GMO's 11/12/09- Quiz- Viruses, bacteria, and vaccines Notes: DNA STRUCTURE Introduction Genes are the basic units of ____heredity____ passed from one ___generation___ to the next. They give you your ___traits___.
A gene is a section of __DNA__ that carries the information for a particular __trait__.
The Function of DNA
DNA is _____deoxyribonucleic____ __acid__, which is a kind of _______nucleic____ ___acid__.(p. 229)
DNA stores information on how to make ____proteins____.
Proteins make up almost all cell __structures__ and help carry out almost all life ____functions___.
The Building Blocks of DNA (pp. 229-230)
Nucleic acids like DNA are made up of smaller units, or monomers, called ___nucleotides___. (p. 229)
Each DNA nucleotide is made of 3 different types of materials. (p. 229)
· ___Adenine_____ (A) · ___Thymine_____ (T) · ___Guanine_____ (G) · ___Cytosine_____ (C)
There are 4 different kinds of nucleotides, which differ only in their nitrogen bases.
DNA Strands (p. 230)
Nucleotides are connected by chemical bonds joining the ___phosphates___ of one nucleotide to the ___sugars____ of another, forming long chains:
… - sugar – phosphate – sugar – phosphate – sugar – phosphate – sugar - …
This makes the “__backbone__” of the DNA molecule. You could also consider this the “__rails_” of the DNA ladder.
Complementary Base Pairs (p. 231) A T
The complementary base pairs (p. 231): G C ___C____ always pairs with __G_____
This is called __complementary___ base pairing.
Because of this, if we know the nitrogen bases on one side of the DNA strand, then we know the ___nitrogen___ ___bases_____ on the other side.
The DNA ladder:
The backbone: The nitrogen bases:
= sugar (deoxyribose) = cytosine
= phosphate = guanine
= thymine
= adanine = hydrogen bond
THE DNA MESSAGE:
The DNA message is carried in the nitrogen ___base___ ___pairs______.
The ___order___ of the base pairs adenine, thymine, _____cytosine____, and guanine along the DNA strand holds the information for making __proteins___.
The DNA structure is a “twisted ladder” or a ____double_____ ___helix___. DNA might be twisted for several possible reasons: 1. To save __space_____ and/or 2. To help __protect______ the DNA message
DNA REPLICATION I. The Template Mechanism (p, 233) A. DNA must be copied for two main reasons: 1. When a cell __divides___, a complete set of genetic instructions must be made for each new cell. 2. When an organism reproduces, the genetic information must go to the next generation. B. Each single strand serves as a template for the other complementary strand. 1. A pairs with T, C pairs with G 2. Because of the base pairing, if you know what is on one side of the molecule, you can determine the sequence on the other side. 3. New nucleotides line up with nucleotides on the existing strand and are linked together by enzymes. C. The process of copying DNA molecules is called DNA replication. II. Replication of the Double Helix A. Many enzymes are involved in DNA replication. B. The steps in replication: 1. At origins of replication, the DNA molecule to be copied “unzips” in both directions, creating a number of replication bubbles. 2. Each new nucleotide pairs with its complementary nucleotide on the open strand. 3. Enzymes called DNA polymerases make covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand. 4. Daughter strands grow on both sides of each replication bubble. 5. Eventually, all the bubbles merge to yield two double- stranded DNA molecules. 6. Half of each new strand is new, and half is from the original DNA strand.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
I. One Gene, One Polypeptide (p. 235) The function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a single polypeptide (protein). II. Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein (p. 236) A. The sequence of bases along the DNA molecule holds the message for making proteins. B. RNA- ribonucleic acid 1. A nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose 2. RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in its nitrogen bases 3. Single-stranded 4. Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA C. Transcription – copying the DNA message to mRNA so it can leave the nucleus D. Translation- using the mRNA to build proteins at the ribosome 2. Codon- a three-base “word” that codes for a particular amino acid (See Figure 11-12 on page 236) III. The Triplet Code (p. 237) A. Codon- (p. 236) - a three-base “word” that codes for a particular amino acid B. Each codon calls for a specific amino acid 1. AUG codes for methionine (Met) 2. UUC codes for phenylalanine (Phe) C. One genetic coding system is shared by almost all organisms. It’s considered universal. (See Figure 11-13 on page 237 for a codon chart)
IV. Transcription: DNA to mRNA (p. 238) A. Messenger RNA- mRNA 1. The message that is copied directly from the DNA 2. It carries the genetic information out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm B. Transcription steps: 1. The 2 strands of the DNA molecule separate, exposing open DNA nitrogen bases 2. RNA bases pair with the complementary DNA bases a. C pairs with G, and vice versa b. A in RNA pairs with T in DNA c. U in RNA pairs with A in DNA 3. An enzyme called RNA polymerase links RNA nucleotides together. 4. The new mRNA breaks away from the DNA 5. The DNA “re-zips”
V. Translation: RNA to Protein (pp. 239-240) A. The Players (p. 239) 1. mRNA brings the DNA message out of the nucleus to the ribosome 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - translates the 3-letter codons of mRNA to the amino acids that make up proteins. a. there is a different version of tRNA molecule to match each codon b. has 2 ends- one with an anticodon and one with an amino acid c. anticodon- the 3-base set on the tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a specific codon on the mRNA 3. Ribosomes- contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) a. coordinates functioning of mRNA and tRNA b. small subunit- has binding site for mRNA c. large subunit- has two binding sites for tRNA B. The Process (p. 240) 1. mRNA, tRNA with attached amino acid, and a ribosome (with rRNA) are brought together at the “start” codon on the mRNA, which is AUG (codes for methionine) 2. Amino acids are brought over one by one by tRNA and added to the polypeptide chain at the ribosome until a “stop” codon is reached on the mRNA a. another tRNA with the correct anticodon brings over the next amino acid b. the prior amino acid binds to the new amino acid c. the tRNA from the prior amino acid leaves the ribosome d. the tRNA now holding the polypeptide chain is moved to the next site on the ribosome e. the ribosome moves down the mRNA to the next codon (See Figures 11-18 and 11-19 on pages 240-241)
VI. Review of Protein Synthesis (p. 241) Information is carried from the DNA to the ribosome in the form of mRNA, and the __mRNA____ specifies the sequence of ___amino__ __acids__ that will be assembled by the ___tRNA____ and ___rRNA___ at the _____ribosomes______ to make the ____proteins___ needed for life’s structures and functions.
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