Grammar Notes

Notes taken  September 8-22

Types of Nouns: words that name people, places, animals, things, and ideas

1. Common Nouns                      2. Proper Nouns

People--> student, mother          Mrs. Lee, Michael Phelps

Places-->store, house                  New York, Wal-Mart

Things--> games, shoes               I-pod, Dell

Animals--> dog, snake                 Siberian Husky

Ideas--> happiness, freedom

3. Compound Nouns                                             4. Possessive Nouns

No space/no hyphen--> fireman, restroom            Nouns showing ownership

Spaces between words-->dining room                   Singular nouns--> add -'s after the word (even those

Hyphens between words--> mother-in-law                                         singular nouns that end in -s)

Class work Glencoe Writer's Choice                                                    Mary's, Ms. Takacs's

September 8-11                                                    Plural Nouns--> end in -s, add '; students', songs'

Exercise 1, page 380, evens: Create a two column chart-- Common Nouns and Proper Nouns. Find the nouns and place them in their appropriate columns.

Exercise 2, page 380, evens: Create a chart with the following columns-- PEOPLE, PLACES, ANIMALS, THINGS, IDEAS.  Find the nouns and place them in their appropriate columns.

September 15-19

QUIZ: page 380, #1, 3, and 5: Create a two column chart--Common Nouns and Proper Nouns. Find the nouns and place them in their appropriate columns.

Exercise 3, page 382, #1-10: Create a Singular and Plural Column Chart for the compound nouns. The nouns are currently singular; write their plural forms.

September 21-25

Create a Possessive Noun chart as follows:

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Complete Exercise 6, page 384 #1-10: follow the directions in the book.

Contraction, Plural, or Possessive?

October 5-October 16

Notes on Pronouns:

Pronouns take the place of nouns to make sentences sound better.

Types of Pronouns

1. Personal

2. Possessive

3. Indefinite

4. Reflexive and Intensive

5. Interrogative

I. Personal Pronouns

   A. Refer to people or things

   B. Subject

        1. found in the subject of the sentence

        2. I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

   C. Object

        1. found after a verb or preposition

        2. me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

   D. Antecedents

        1. a noun or group of words to which the pronoun refers

        2. Melanie hopes that she will make the cheerleading squad.

             She refers to Melanie; Melanie= antecedent

   E. Practice: p. 430, Ex. 1 All; p. 432, Ex. 3 All (pronoun/antec chart)

II. Possessive Pronouns

     A. Show ownership

     B. Used in front of nouns

         1. Singular: my, your, his, her, its

         2. Plural: our, your, their

     C. Used Alone

          1. Singular: mine, yours, his, her, its

          2. ours, yours, theirs

     D. Practice: p. 436, Ex. 7 evens

III. Indefinite Pronouns

      A. Do not refer to a particular person, place, or thing

      B. Singular

          1. anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, no one, nothing, another, each, either, neither, one

       C. Plural

          1. both, few, many, others, several

       D. Singular or Plural depending on it's used in the sentence

          1. all, any, most, none, some

      E. Practice: p. 438, Ex. 8 (Singular Ind./ Plural Ind. chart)

IV. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

      A. Both have the suffixes -self and -selves

      B. Reflexive

          1. refers to a noun or other pronouns in the sentence (antecedent)

         2. Mel wants to go by herself.

     C. Intensive

         1. strengthens or intensifies a noun or a pronoun already named (antecedent)

         2. Steve himself will get the car loan.

    E. Singular

        1. myself, herself, himself, itself, yourself

   F. Plural

       1. ourselves, themselves, yourselves

  G. Practice: p. 440, Ex. 11 (Reflexive, Intensive, Subject Personal, Object Personal Chart)

V. Interrogative

   A. Used to introduce and interrogative sentence

   B. People

       1. who (subject)

       2. whom (after a verb or preposition)

  C. Things

       1. which

       2. what

  D. Possessive

       1. whose

November 9-December 4

Notes on Verbs

I. Types of Verbs

    A. Action Verbs: tell what the subject of a sentence is doing

        1. Transitive Action Verb: contains a direct object ( a noun or   pronoun that answers whom or what)

        2. Intransitive Action Verb: does not contain a direct object

   B. Linking Verbs: tell what the subject is or is like; connects the subject of a sentence to a predicate noun or predicate adjective

       1. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, become, seem, appear, look, taste, turn, smell, sound, grow, feel

   C. Helping Verbs

II. Action Verbs

     A. Examples: predict, transect, dissect, speculate, manipulate, jettison

     B. Transitive Action Verbs

          1. Mary transected the courtyard to get to class on time.

              sub           tv                              do

          2. The U.S. Postal Service expedited the package to Alaska.

                                 sub                           tv                            do

          3. Terry manipulated the steering wheel of the car.

                           sub          tv                                                      do              

    C. Direct Objects: are nouns or pronouns which answer the questions whom? or what?; Transitive verbs will always have a direct object.

    D. Intransitive Action Verbs (will not have a direct object)

         1. Sarah performed flawlessly.

                         sub         iv             

         2. Mr. Hagy mandated that we all wear ties on Tuesdays.

                           sub                 iv

         3. Sally maneuvered swiftly around the cones.

                       sub           iv

     E. Practice page 400, Ex. 1 #1-20- write the action verbs; page 402, Ex. 3 #1-20--create the following chart: Subject/Verb-TV or IV/ Direct Object; page 420, Ex. 2 #1-10 same chart

   F. Indirect Objects

       1. are nouns or pronouns which answer TO WHOM? or FOR WHOM? an action is done

       2. will only be in sentences that contain a direct object

       3. will always be after the verb and before the direct object

       4. Example

           a. Cindy sent Mark an email.

                sub       tv         io                   do

        G. Practice page 404, Ex. 5 #1-10--create the following chart: subject/verb-tv or iv/ indirect object (to whom)/ direct object (what or whom?)

III. Linking Verbs

     A. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, become, seem, taste, feel, sound, look, appear, grow, turn

     B. Examples

         1. Mr. Kroll is a sailing instructor.

              sub               lv                         pn

            2. The cat food smells fishy.

                                sub          lv         pa

     C. Practice page 406, Ex. 7 #1-20-- create the following chart: subject/ verb (TV, IV, or LV)/direct object, predicate noun or adjective

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Literature Notes

The following is a handout that was stapled in your notebooks:

Literary Terms

1. Fiction: short stories, novellas, novels; the characters and their situations are made up by the writers. Sometimes it can be based on true events.

2. Non-fiction: biographies, autobiographies, essays; stories about real people and real events (a true story).

Basic Elements in fiction and non-fiction

1. Plot: sequence of events in the story; includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution

2. Setting: where and when a story takes place

3. Characters: people or animals (with human traits) in the story

4. Conflict: the struggle or problem developing in the story

External conflicts:         

man versus man

man versus nature

man versus fate (supernatural)

man versus society

Internal conflicts :         

man versus himself

5. Exposition: in the plot where the characters, setting, and situation are introduced (beginning of the story)

6. Rising Action: in the plot where the readers’ interest increases when more complications are added to the conflict

7. Climax: the highest, most intense (stressful) part of the story

8. Falling Action: follows the climax

9. Resolution: end of the story where readers learn the outcome to the conflict

10. Point-of-View: the narrator of the story

First person: character in the story is telling it

Third person omniscient: “all knowing”—narrator is not a character in the story

11. Main Idea: the most important point addressed in the story (main summary)

12. Theme: the message the story is trying to teach the readers

Writing Notes

 ** Web: Pick top three adjectives that describe your personality and create a web.

ROUGH DRAFT