Hydrosphere unit

Aquifer

– an underground layer of rock or soil that holds water

 Artesian Well

– a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer

 Drought

– a long period of scarce rainfall

Ecological Address

–Neuse River basin 

 Flood

– an excess of water covering the land

 Glaciers

– a large mass of moving ice and snow on land

 Hydrology

– the study of water

 Hydrosphere

– the portion of Earth that contains water

 Icecaps

– a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center

 Icebergs

– a large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier

 Reservoir

– a lake that stores water for human use

 River Basin

– the region of land drained by a river and its tributaries

 Watershed

– the land area that supplies water to a river system

 Wetland

– a land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year

Absorbency

– the ability to take in a material

 Adhesion

– the tendency of water to stick to other substances

 Adhesive Forces

– the forces that make water stick to other substances

 Buoyancy

 – the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object that is immersed in the fluid

 Capillary Action

– the process that moves water through a narrow porous space

 Cohesion

– the attractive force between water molecules

 Density

– the measure of mass of a substance per unit volume

 Dissolve

– to melt in a liquid

 Insoluble

– not soluble

 Man-made fibers

– a man made object resembling a thread

 Mass

– the amount of matter in an object

 Natural fibers

– an object found in nature resembling a thread

 Polarity

– uneven distribution of charges across a molecule

 Soluble

– having the ability to be dissolved in another substance

 Specific Heat

– the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

 Surface Tension

– the force that acts on the particles at the surface of a material

 Synthetic

– prepared or created artificially; man-made not found in nature

Chemical Reactions Unit

compound

two or more elements that are chemically bonded

valance electrons

negatively charged particles located in the outer shell or outer energy level of an atom; these electrons cause bonding of atoms 

ionic bond

atoms joined by transferring valence electrons and becoming ions (electrically charged atoms);between metals and nonmetals

covalent bond

atoms joined by sharing valence electons; between nonmetals

metallic bond

the same metal bonded to itself by many moving valence electrons; this bond gives metals their properties - malleablility, ductility, luster (shiny), good conductors of heat and electricity

Law of Conservation of Mass

states that mass is not lost or gained in chemical reactions; it is just rearranged

chemical symbol

symbol for an element; example: He = helium

chemical formula

symbol for a compound; example: NaCl = soduim chloride

reactants

the substances on the left side of a chemical equation; before the reaction

products

the new subsrtances on the right side of a chemical equation; after the reaction 

Elements to Know! 

H

hydrogen

He

helium

O

oxygen

N

nitrogen

C

carbon

B

boron

F

fluorine

S

sulfur

P

phosphorus

I

iodine

K

potassium

Au

gold

Ag

silver

Fe

iron

Ne

neon

Ni

nickel

Sn

tin

Ir

iridium

Ar

argon

Kr

krypton

Xe

xenon

Rn

radon

Ra

radium

U

uranium

Pu

plutonium

Li

lithium

Be

beryllium

Mg

magnesium

Cu

copper

Zn

zinc

Na

sodium

Al

aluminum

Si

silicon

Cl

chlorine

Ca

calcium

Ti

titanium

Cr

chromium

Co

cobalt

As

arsenic

Br

bromine

In

indium

Pt

platium

Ba

barium

Hg

mercury

Pb

lead

Units 2- Matter

mass

amount of matter in an object

volume

amount of space an object takes up

density

mass/volume

matter

anything with mass that takes up space

substance

a pure form of matter

compound

a substance formed from chemically combined elements

element

a substance formed of one kind of atoms

homogeneous mixture

two or more types of matter not chemically joined that is uniform in appearance (solutions, suspensions, emulsions)

heterogeneous mixture

two or more types of matter not chemically joined that is NOT uniform in appearance

atom

the basic unit a matter

molecule

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

physical properties of matter

color, texture, hardness, mass, volume, density, state, solubilty, ductility, maleability, conductivity

chemical properties of matter

reactivity, flammability, combustiblity, luminosity

chemical change

new compounds are created

physical change

no new compounds are created

forms of energy

kinetic, potential, electric, electromagnetic, thermal, chemical

NOW GO REVIEW YOUR HOMEWORK SHEETS ON MATTER!!

Unit 1 Science and Safety

Review your lab safety

science

the search for knowledge in a systematic way using the scientific method and the body of knowledge discovered about our universe and world

observations

using your senses to collect information; specialized tools can help

inference

using observations to make a logical statement about the data; may or may not be true

quantitative observation

use numbers or measurements to describe

qualitative observation

describe using the qualities of something like color

classify

to group or organize by similarites or differences

make a scientific model

to simplify a complex idea to make it more easily understood

procedure

steps used in the experiment

analysis

using math to make meaning of the data

controlled variables

keeping all the other variables the same except the independent variable

conclusion

a statement about your discoveries in the experiment

theory

a well supported explanation in science in which some aspects are still not fully understood

hypothesis

an educated guess or prediction that can be tested in science

scientific method

the logical process by which scientist gather information

scientific law

facts or a process well documented and understood in science

independent variable

manipulated variable - controlled by the scientist - graphed on the x-axis

dependent variable

responding variable - measured by the scientist - graphed on the y-axis

technology

using scientific discoveries to make useful things for man

SI

the International System of Units  (metric system)

kilo-

1000

hecto-

100

deca-

10

deci-

0.1

centi-

.01

milli-

.001