Flashcards for Bruce Frazier
| Terms 1. What is monotheism? |
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| Belief in one all-powerful God. |
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| List three monotheistic religions. |
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| Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |
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| 2. What is polytheism? |
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| Belief in many gods |
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| What religion is polytheistic? |
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| Hinduism |
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| Which religion is neither poly or monotheistic? |
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| Buddhism |
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| 3. What does proselytize mean? |
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| to try to covert someone to a particular religion; |
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| Which three religions are known for proselytizing? |
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| Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism |
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| 4. What is a covenant? |
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| a contract; a legally binding agreement; |
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| Who do Jews believe made a covenant with God? |
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| Abraham |
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| What did this covenant say? |
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| That the Jews would be God's chosen people. |
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| 5. What is the Torah? |
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| The holy scripture of Judaism. |
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| 6. What is salvation? |
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| to be saved from your sins (wrongdoings). |
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| How do Jews believe you can receive salvation? |
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| Live according to the law (10 Commandments) |
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| How do Christians believe you can receive salvation? |
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| Have faith in Jesus Christ--that he died and rose again |
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| How do Muslims (Islam) believe you get salvation? |
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| Believing in Mohammad; obeying the 5 Pillars of Islam |
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| How do Hindus believe you get salvation? |
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| Living by caste rules--getting reincarnated upwards |
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| How to Buddhists believe you get salvation? |
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| Living by the Eight Fold Path to reach Nirvana |
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| 7. What does repentance mean? |
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| to ask for forgiveness for sins |
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| What religion believe you must repent to get salvation? |
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| Christianity |
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| 8. What is the New Testament? |
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| Holy book of Christians; life and teachings of Jesus |
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| 9. What is the Roman Catholic Church? |
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| Only Christian Church in W. Europe before Reformation |
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| Who is the head of the Catholic Church? |
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| the Pope |
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| Name the city and country where the Pope lives |
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| Rome, Italy |
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| 10. What are the holy scriptures of Islam called? |
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| Koran (Qu'ran) |
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| 11. What is a Jihad? |
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| an Islamic holy war against the enemies of Allah (God) |
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| Which Islamic group believes the jihad is a real war? |
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| Shi'ites |
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| Which Islamic group believes the jihad is spiritual? |
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| 12. What is the name of the Hindu holy book? |
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| 13. What is the caste system? |
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| a hereditary class system that separates Hindus |
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| How does the caste system group people? |
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| according to rank, position, or wealth |
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| 14. What is reincarnation? |
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| a soul rebirth; being born again after dying. |
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| Which two religions believe in reincarnation? |
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| Hinduism and Buddhism |
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| 15. What is idea behind karma? |
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| your future reincarnation is based on present behavior |
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| Which religion believes in karma? |
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| Hinduism |
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| 16. What is nirvana? |
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| A state of nothingness; |
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| If you arrive in Nirvana, what are you freed from? |
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| Having to be reincarnated over and over again. |
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| 17. What is animism? |
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| The worship of nature |
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| Where do you find animism? |
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| Sub-Sahara Africa, parts of Asia and South America |
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| 18. What is atheism? |
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| Belief in no god |
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| 19. What is a trade route? |
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| A road or waterway used to exchange products and ideas |
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| What two areas did the "Silk Road" connect? |
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| Europe and China |
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| What did Europe get from the Silk Road trade routes? |
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| Silk, porcelin, and spices |
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| Asia and the Mediterranian basin (Southern Europe) |
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| What were the trade routes across the Sahara known as? |
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| The Trans-Saharan |
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| Across which Ocean did Europeans travel to get spices? |
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| The Indian Ocean(maritime routes) |
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| What trade route connected China with Southeast Asia? |
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| The South China Sea maritime routes |
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| How was trade conducted in Western Europe? |
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| By rivers and the Mediterranian Sea |
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| Where was trade conducted in Northern Europe |
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| Rivers and overland routes to the Black Sea |
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| 20. What is a merchant? |
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| someone who owned a trading business or sold goods |
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| 21. What is usury? |
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| the practice of charging interest on loans |
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| c. 1500, who was against usury? |
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| The Pope and the Catholic Church |
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| Why is usury important in trade? |
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| People could get money for new businesses. |
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| Who wanted usury? |
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| Merchants--people who ran businesses and trade |
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| 22. What does "secular" mean? |
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| something that is worldly rather than religious |
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| Example: What is "secular" music? |
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| Any music that is NOT religious. |
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| What place became more secular after the Renaissance? |
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| 23. What is humanism |
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| A Renaissance movement that studied ancient Greece/Rome |
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| What did humanism stress? |
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| Humans, their emotions, and the reality of life |
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| How was humanism expressed? |
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| In paintings that looked real--see some Renaissance art |
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| 24. What is a sonnet? |
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| a 14 line poem popular in the Renaissance |
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| What did sonnets focus on? |
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| Human emotions, the reality of life |
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| Who was best known for poems in the Renaissance? |
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| Petrarch |
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| 25. What was an indulgence? |
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| a pardon for sin sold by the Catholic Church |
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| Who opposed indulgences? |
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| Martin Luther |
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| Why did Luther oppose them? |
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| He believed the Church could not pardon sin |
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| How did Luther believe a person did recieve a pardon? |
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| By praying directly to God and repenting of sin. |
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| 26. What is "justification by faith" |
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| The idea that faith in Jesus alone gives salvation |
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| Who taught "justification by faith." |
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| Martin Luther |
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| How was this different from the Catholic Church? |
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| It taught salvation was recieved through doing good |
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| 27. What were the "95 Theses?" |
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| Luther's list of criticisms of the Catholic Church |
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| What did Luther do with his list? |
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| He nailed them to a church door in Wittenburg, H.R.E. |
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| 28. What does predestination mean? |
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| That God knows your destiny BEFORE you are born. |
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| Who taught predestination? |
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| John Calvin |
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| 29. What is a "Protestant" church"? |
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| Any Christian church that is NOT Catholic |
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| What do Protestant churches believe? |
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| Mostly in Luther's teachings, but each is different. |
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| Name a Protestant church |
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| Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian |
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| 30. What new church did Martin Luther start? |
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| Lutheran churches |
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| What did Lutheran churches teach about the Bible? |
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| The Bible was the ultimate authority, NOT the Pope. |
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| 31. What is Anglicanism? |
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| The new Reformation Protestant church in England |
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| Who started the Anglican Church? |
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| Henry VIII |
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| Who made it the official national church of England |
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| Queen Elizabeth I |
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| 32. What is culture diffusion/exchange? |
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| when two cultures exchange ideas, products and info. |
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| 33. What does circumnavigation mean? |
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| to sail completely around something, such as the world. |
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| Who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe? |
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| Magellan |
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| 34. What is a colony? |
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| a settlement of people outside their homeland |
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| Who controls a colony? |
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| the parent country--Virginia controlled by England |
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| 35. What was the Columbian Exchange? |
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| the trade of goods between Europe and the Americas |
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| What did Europeans bring to America? |
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| Horses, cattle, guns, and small pox |
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| What did America send to America? |
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| potatoes, corn, tobacco, and gold |
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| 36. What does the term indigenous mean? |
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| native -- something indigenous is native to that area |
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| 37. Why was small pox important in N. and S. America? |
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| it killed millions of Native Americans |
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| 38. What is immigration? |
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| The movement of people INTO a country (i for INTO) |
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| 39. What is emigration? |
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| the movement of people out of a country (e for exit) |
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| 40. How do you descibe a plantation system? |
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| farming system where large farms grow cash crops |
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| 41. What is a "cash crop?" |
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| a farm product that is grown only to be sold/traded |
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| Are cash crops used by the farmer? |
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| No--they are grown just to make money |
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| List 4 cash crops |
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| cotton, sugar, tobacco, bananas, etc. |
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| 42. What are raw materials? |
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| any materials humans get from nature |
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| List six major raw materials |
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| gold, silver, lumber, coal, iron ore, cotton |
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| 43. What is a manufactured good? |
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| a product made by man from raw materials--clothes, guns |
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| 44. What was the triangular trade? |
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| a trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. |
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| What was traded on the triangular trade route? |
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| slaves, sugar, weapons, and rum were traded. |
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| 45. What was the middle passage? |
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| middle section of the triangular trade; |
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| What was transported on the middle passage? |
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| African slaves were taken to North and South America |
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| 46. What was a Joint Stock Company? |
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| A company that sold shares to divide costs and profits |
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| 47. What was mercantalism? |
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| an European economic system of the 1600s |
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| Under mercantalism, how does a country become powerful? |
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| By acquiring lots of wealth--in the form of bullion |
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| What did mercantalism have to say about colonies? |
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| They are used to get raw materials and sell goods to. |
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| What did mercantalism say about trade? |
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| You should export more than you import |
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| 48. What is bullion? |
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| gold and silver in the form of bars or plates |
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| 49. What is a "balance of trade"? |
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| the difference between a country's imports and exports. |
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| What is a favorable balance of trade? |
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| When a country exports more goods than it imports. |
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| 50. What is a foreign enclave? |
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| an area set aside where trade with foreigners happens |
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| Why does a country set up foreign enclaves? |
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| to control trade and stop the influence of foreigners |
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| What country was famous for setting up foreign enclaves |
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| 51. Define "shogun" |
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| a powerful Japanese military leader that ruled Japan |
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| 52. What is isolationalism? |
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| staying out of the affairs of other countries |
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| What Asian country was well known for isolationalism? |
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| 53. What is absolutism? |
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| where one person or group holds unlimited power |
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| Name three absolute rulers |
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| Louis XIV, Frederick II the Great, Peter the Great |
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| 54. What does divine right mean? |
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| that a ruler gets his power to rule directly from God. |
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| What does the idea of divine right support? |
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| absolute governments--NO DEMOCRACY!! |
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| 55. What is westernization? |
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| trying to imitate the countries of Western Europe. |
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| What Russian was obsessed with westernizing Russia? |
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| Peter the Great |
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| 56. What is reason? |
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| to use logical thinking to figure something out |
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| 57. What is the scientific method? |
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| process scientists used to investigate the world. |
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| What are the four steps of the scientific method? |
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| observation, hypothesis, experiment, prove/disprove |
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| 58. What was the heliocentric theory? |
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| it said the universe revolved around the sun |
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| What was believed before the heliocentric theory? |
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| that the universe revolved around the earth |
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| 59. What is natural law? |
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| a universal truth or principle found through reason |
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| Name two natural law thinkers. |
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| Thomas Hobbes and John Locke |
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| 60. What is a sovereign? |
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| the person or group that has supreme control or power |
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| Who was sovereign in England after the Glorious Rev? |
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| Parliament |
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| 61. What is Parliament? |
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| England/Great Britain's legislature (like Congress) |
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| 62. What is a Prime Minister? |
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| chief executive of Great Britain (like the President) |
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| 63. What is the English common law? |
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| law that is based on tradition and court decisions |
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| 64. What is a jury trial? |
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| trial where guilt is decided by a group of peers |
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| 65. What does the idea "consent of the governed" mean? |
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| Gov't must have the people's approval to do something |
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| How does a gov't get the "consent of the governed?" |
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| By having the people elect them into office |
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| 66. What is a "coup d'etat"? |
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| a quick seizure of gov't powers. |
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| Who did this in order to end the French Revolution? |
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| Napoleon Boneparte |
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| 67. What does nationalism mean? |
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| pride in one's own nation or group's traditions |
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| What do nationalist often desire? |
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| desire from outside rule |
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| Why did nationalism cause Napoleon's defeat? |
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| Non-French people were tired of Napoleon's rule. |
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| 68. What did liberalism mean in the 19th century? |
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| support for the ideas of Locke: desire for change |
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| 69. In the 19th century, what did conservatism mean? |
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| Opposition to change; support of monarchy |
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| 70. What does "balance of power" mean? |
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| spread power around, so no one country has too much |
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| What was the hope behind keeping the balance of power? |
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| No country would dare wage war like Napoleon did |
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| Who pushed the idea of the "balance of power"? |
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| Prince Metternich of Austria |
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| 71. What is an alliance? |
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| a union between nations based on some common interest |
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| What is the most common reason for forming an alliance? |
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| In order to protect your country from an enemy. |
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| 72. What does the term "realpolitik" mean? |
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| national success justifies doing anything to succeed |
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| What man believed in realpolitik? |
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| Otto von Bismark of Prussia |
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| 73. Describe guerilla warfare? |
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| hit and run surprise attacks by small groups |
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| Who used these tactics to unite his country? |
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| Garibaldi of Italy |
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| What modern war also saw the use of guerilla warfare? |
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| the Vietnam War |
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| 74. What was the enclosure movement? |
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| when farmers fenced in their lands |
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| What country did this happen in? |
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| Great Britain |
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| Why was the enclosure movement important? |
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| Less farmers were needed--people needed work |
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| 75. What is capital? |
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| money used to start a business |
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| 76. What is industrialization? |
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| going from creating goods by hand to now using machines |
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| What country was the first to industrialize? |
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| Great Britain |
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| 77. Describe what the cottage industry was like. |
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| Materials were given to people to make products at home |
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| 78. Describe the factory system? |
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| producing products in a factory using machines |
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| 79. What are textiles? |
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| fabric made from weaving or knitting |
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| What were textiles used for? |
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| making cotton clothes |
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| What did people wear before cotton was widely available |
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| 80. What are natural resources? |
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| raw materials: anything found in nature used by humans |
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| 81. What does "standard of living" mean? |
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| how much you are able to buy |
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| What does having a "high standard of living" mean? |
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| You can buy a lot of goods, products, and services. |
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| What country has the highest standard of living? |
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| the United States |
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| How did industrialization effect standard of living? |
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| it increased it dramatically |
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| 82. What is urbanization? |
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| movement of people into cities |
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| What is an urban area? |
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| a city--dense population |
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| What is a rural area? |
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| low population---the "country" |
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| 83. Where did the "working class" work? |
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| factories, mines--jobs that require intense labor |
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| 84. What types of jobs do "middle class" people have? |
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| They are owners, managers, or highly skilled workers. |
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| 85. What is a labor union? |
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| an organization of workers |
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| What did labor unions try to do? |
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| improve wages and working conditions |
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| What methods did they use to accomplish this? |
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| collective bargaining |
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| 86. What is collective bargaining? |
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| negotiations between an owner and union representatives |
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| What do unions threaten if they don't get all they want |
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| that all the workers will stop working (a strike) |
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| 87. What is suffrage? |
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| the right to vote |
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| Who demanded suffrage due to industrialization? |
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| Early on, working men, then later women. |
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| 88. What does the idea of "laissez faire" mean? |
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| that gov't should leave business alone--no regulation |
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| 89. What is a free market? |
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| a place to sell goods with little gov't regulation |
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| 90. What is capitalism? |
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| an economic system with free markets and competition |
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| Who owns land in capitalism? |
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| land is owned by private citizens (you and me) |
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| 91. What is socialism? |
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| an economic system where the gov't owns businesses. |
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| What is socialism the first stage of? |
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| communism |
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| Who owns land in socialism? |
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| some by private citizens, some by government |
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| 92. What is communism? |
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| an economic system where gov't controls everything |
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| Who owns land in communism? |
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| Only the government--people own nothing. |
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| What are wages and incomes like under communism? |
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| everyone makes the same amount no matter what job |
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| 93. What is imperialism? |
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| when one country dominates and controls another |
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| What are three reasons countries engage in imperialism? |
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| extend their power; get raw materials; proselytize |
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| 94. What is colonialism? |
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| the attempt by a country to acquire colonies |
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| 95. What is a protectorate? |
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| a country whose defense is run by another country |
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| Give an example of a protectorate |
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| Puerto Rico--controlled by U.S. |
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| 96. What is a "sphere of influence?" |
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| area where a foreign power has rights to trade. |
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| What country was split up into spheres of influence? |
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| China in the late 1800s. |
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| What three forms does imperialism take? |
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| colony, sphere of influence, protectorate |
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| 97. What is militarism? |
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| the build up of military power; glorification of war |
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| 98. What is diplmacy? |
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| negotiations between nations to settle disputes |
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| What is a diplomat? |
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| a person who negotiates on behalf of a country |
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| 99. What is a trench? |
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| a ditch dug to protect soldiers |
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| In what war were trenches used extensively? |
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| World War I |
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| 100. Describe "no man's land." |
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| a desolate area in between enemies trenches |
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| What was the main obstacle placed in "no man's land"? |
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| barbed wire |
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| 101. What are reparations? |
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| compensation for war damage |
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| What country was forced to pay reparations after WWI? |
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| Germany |
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| 102. What is a mandate? |
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| a territory controlled by another country |
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| Who gave out mandates after WWI? |
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| The League of Nations |
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| In the Middle East, what two countries did France get? |
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| Syria and Lebanon |
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| In the Middle East, what two area did Gr. Britain get? |
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| Jordan and Palestine |
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| Who controlled these areas before WWI? |
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| Ottoman Empire |
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| 103. What is a period of prosperity like? |
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| lots of wealth is created: busineses are successful |
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| 104. Describe what a depression is like |
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| widespread unemployment; businesses and banks close |
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| 105. What is a protective tariff? |
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| taxes on goods that are imported into a country? |
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| Why do countries put up protective tariffs? |
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| Make imported goods cost more--protects local business |
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| 106. What is inflation? |
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| the increase in the price of goods--money is worth less |
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| 107. What is the philosophy of "fascism?" |
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| extreme nationalism and a totalitarian state |
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| List the three fascist states (before WWII) |
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| Italy, Germany, and Japan |
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| 108. What is anti-semitism? |
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| hatred of Jewish people |
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| What totalitarian dictator taught anti-semitism? |
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| Adolf Hitler |
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| 109. What is totalitarianism? |
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| an all-powerful state; gov't has total control |
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| Who are four totalitarian leaders? |
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| Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, and Tojo |
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| 110. What is collectivization? |
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| forcing (collecting) people onto large state run farms |
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| Name the leader and country who used collectivization. |
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| Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union |
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| 111. What was the New Economic Policy? |
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| Lenin's plan to improve the Soviet economy. |
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| How did the New Economic Policy help? |
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| It used capitalism and allowed some freedom to people. |
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| 112. What are Five Year Plans? |
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| Stalin's plans to industrialize the Soviet Union. |
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| 113. What country forced atheism on its people? |
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| Stalin forced this on the Soviet Union |
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| 114. What was the KGB and who started it? |
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| They were Stalin's secret police who spied on people. |
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| 115. If you believe in pacifism, what do you believe? |
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| War should NEVER be used to solve a dispute or problem |
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| 116. What is appeasement? |
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| giving into someone's demands in order to keep peace |
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| What two countries used appeasement to placate Hitler? |
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| France and Great Britain. |
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| 117. Describe a concentration camp. |
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| a prison camp where political prisoners are kept |
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| Who used concentration camps in WWII? |
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| Hitler sent Jews there |
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| 118. What was the idea of the "master race." |
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| Hitler's idea that the Germans were superior to all |
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| 119. What was the "final solution." |
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| Nazi solution to "Jewish problem"--kill them all |
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| 120. What is a genocide? |
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| a deliberate attempt to kill a group of people |
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| 121. What was a blitzkreig? |
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| German word for "lightening war"--based on fast attack |
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| 122. What is a superpower? |
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| a powerful, influential country with a group of allies |
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| Who were the two superpowers after WWII? |
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| United States and the Soviet Union. |
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| 123. What is an arms race? |
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| competition between two countries to build up weapons |
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| Who was involved in an arms race in the Cold War? |
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| the United States verus the Soviet Union |
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| 124. What is a satallite? |
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| a country controlled by a near-by power. |
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| What group of countries were satallites of the USSR? |
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| all the countries in Eastern Europe. |
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| 125. What was the "iron curtain." |
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| the political barrior that separated communist v. free. |
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| What two areas did the "iron curtain" separate? |
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| Eastern Europe (communist) and Western Europe (free) |
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| 126. What was the idea behind "containment"? |
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| contain communism--don't let it spread--stop it. |
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| 127. What was the idea behind "deterrence." |
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| have lots of nuclear weapons discourage an enemy attack |
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| 128. What is passive resistence? |
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| getting arrested without resistence--to protest a law |
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| 129. What is civil disobedience? |
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| disobeying unjust laws without using violence or riots |
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| 130. What is "self-determination?" |
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| idea that each nation should control its own affairs |
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| What organization supported "self-determination?" |
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| the United Nations |
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| 131. What is apartheid? |
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| strict racial separation and discrimination |
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| In what country was apartheid official policy? |
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| South Africa |
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| PEOPLE |
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| 1. Who was the founder of Judaism? |
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| Abraham |
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| What did the covenant say that Abraham made with God? |
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| that the Jews would be God's "chosen people" |
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| 2. Who are Hebrews? |
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| Another name for Jewish people |
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| 3. What did Moses do? |
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| He led the Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt. |
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| What did Moses write? |
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| first five books of the Torah. |
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| What did God give Moses? |
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| the 10 Commandments. |
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| 4. Who was the founder of Christianity? |
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| Jesus Christ |
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| Who do Christians believe Jesus to be? |
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| the messiah--the Son of God |
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| What do Christians believe about Christ's life? |
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| that he lived a perfect life--without sin. |
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| What do Christians believe happened after Jesus' death? |
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| that Jesus rose from the dead. |
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| How do Christians believe you get salvation? |
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| Have faith in Jesus--that he died and rose again |
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| What do Christians believe Christ did for them? |
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| Died for their sins, so they could go to heaven |
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| 5. What is a messiah? |
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| someone who saves you from your sin |
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| Who do Christians believe is the messiah? |
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| Jesus Christ |
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| 6. Who are missionaries? |
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| people who proselytize for a religion |
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| Which three religions send out missionaries? |
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| Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism |
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| 7. Who was Paul? |
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| Christian missionary; wrote most of the New Testament |
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| 8. What church is the Pope head of? |
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| the Catholic Church? |
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| In what city and country does the Pope live in? |
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| Rome, Italy |
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| 9. What religion did Muhammad found? |
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| What holy book did Muhammad write? |
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| the Koran |
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| 10. What is a "Muslim?" |
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| any person who believes in the Islamic religion |
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| 11. Who are Arabs? |
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| ethnic group who live in the Middle East |
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| What religion are most Arabs? |
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| Islamic |
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| 12. Who are the Sunni? |
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| a group of Muslims who believe jihad is spiritual only |
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| 13. Who are the Shi'ites? |
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| group of Muslims; believe jihad is a real war |
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| Which group would be involved in a suicide bombing? |
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| Shi'ites |
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| Which group would a radical Shi'ite try to kill? |
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| 14. Who are Palestinians? |
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| Muslims who live in what is now called Israel |
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| What do the Palestinians want? |
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| Israel to be called Palestine again and run by Muslims |
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| Which sect of Islam do most Palestinians belong to? |
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| Shi'ites |
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| 15. Who founded Buddhism? |
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| Siddhartha Gautama |
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| 16. What is a Buddha, and who was he? |
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| an enlightened person--name for Siddhartha Gautama |
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| 17. Name the Indian ruler that spread Buddhism? |
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| Where did Asoka spread Buddhism? |
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| East Asia (China, Vietnam...) |
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| 18. What did Petrarch write? |
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| sonnets |
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| 19. What is Michelangelo best known for? |
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| Painting the "Sistine Chapel" and sculpting "David" |
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| 20. What is Leonardo da Vinci best known for? |
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| Painting the "Mona Lisa" and the "Last Supper" |
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| 21. Name two plays Shakespeare is well known for. |
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| MacBeth and Hamlet; (also wrote Romeo and Juliet) |
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| 22. Who wrote the book "In Praise of Folly?" |
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| Erasmus |
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| What was "In Praise of Folly" about? |
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| ridiculed Catholic Church abuses |
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| 23. What did Cervantes write? |
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| Don Quixote |
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| What type of book was Don Quixote? |
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| it was one of the first novels |
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| What was the story Don Quixote about? |
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| a knight (Don Quixote) who is an idiot |
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| 24. What did Johannes Gutenburg invent? |
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| The moveable-type printing press |
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| Why was the printing press so important? |
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| helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance& Reformation |
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| 25. Who started the Reformation? |
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| Martin Luther |
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| Where was Luther from? |
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| the Northern Holy Roman Empire (Germany) |
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| What church did Luther start? |
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| Lutheran |
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| What did Luther not like about the Catholic Church? |
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| Abuses and corruption, like indulgences |
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| How did Luther believe a person got salvation? |
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| by faith ALONE in Jesus Christ |
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| 26. What doctrine did John Calvin argue for? |
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| predestination |
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| Where was Calvin from? |
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| Switzerland |
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| Calvin said Christians should have what three values? |
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| moral living, hard work, and thrift (careful with $) |
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| 27. What country was Henry VIII king of? |
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| England |
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| Why did Henry leave the Catholic Chruch? |
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| The Pope wouldn't give him a divorse |
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| What did Henry do with Church lands in England? |
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| took them and sold them for the money |
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| Who became the head of Henry's new national church? |
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| Henry VIII--HIMSELF! |
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| 28. What did the Jesuits do? |
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| proselytize on behalf of the Catholic Church |
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| Why did the Catholic Church send out the Jesuits? |
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| The Pope hoped to stop the Protestantism from growing |
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| What did the Jesuits do to help people? |
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| start schools and feed the poor |
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| 29. Who were the Huguenots? |
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| Protestants who lived in France |
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| What French law gave Huguenots freedom of relgion? |
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| the Edict of Nantes |
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| Who repealed the Edict of Nantes? |
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| Louis XIV |
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| 30. What country was Queen Elizabeth from? |
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| England--daughter of Henry VIII |
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| What did Elizabeth do in England in regards to relgion? |
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| made Anglicanism the national church of England |
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| 31. What family dynasty ruled the Holy Roman Empire? |
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| the Hapsburg family |
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| Who did the Hapsburgs support during the Reformation? |
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| The Catholic Church |
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| What did the Hapsburgs do to help the Catholic Church? |
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| go to war with the Protestant princes of the H.R.E. |
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| 32. Where did the Mayans live? |
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| on the Yukatan Peninsula in Mexico |
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| What are the Mayans best known for? |
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| using calculus and building pyramids |
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| 33. Where did the Incas live? |
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| In the Andes Mountains of Peru and Chili |
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| What are Incas best known for? |
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| road building and growing potatoes |
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| 34. Where did the Aztecs live? |
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| in central Mexico |
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| What were the Aztecs best known for? |
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| cutting out their enemies hearts |
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| 35. Where was Prince Henry "the Navigator" from? |
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| Portugal |
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| How did Prince Henry aid navigation and exploration? |
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| paid for: study of navigation & ocean expeditions |
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| 36. Where was Vasco da Gama from? |
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| Portugal |
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| What did da Gama do? |
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| sailed around Africa then sailed to India |
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| 37. Who did Columbus sail for? |
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| Why did he set sail? |
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| to find an eastern route to Asia to get spices |
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| Why did Columbus fail? |
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| Because he ran into America |
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| 38. What is Magellan best known for? |
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| leading the first circumnavigation voyage |
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| Who did Magellan sail for? |
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| 39. What is a conquistador? |
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| a Spanish conquerer or soldier in America |
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| 40. What is Cortez best known for? |
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| conquerering the Aztecs |
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| What country was Cortez from? |
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| What land did Cortez claim for Spain? |
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| Mexico |
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| 41. What was Francisco Pizzaro best known for? |
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| conquerering the Incas |
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| What country was Pizzaro from? |
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| What land did Pizzaro claim for Spain? |
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| Western South America |
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| 42. Who did Sir Francis Drake sail for? |
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| England |
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| What is Drake best remembered for? |
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| first Englishman to circumnavigate the world |
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| 43. Where was Jacques Cartier from? |
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| France |
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| What land did Cartier claim for France? |
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| Canada (Quebec) |
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| 44. Who was Cardinal Richelieu? |
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| A French advisor to the King in the early 1600s |
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| What did Richelieu seek to do in France? |
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| create and absolute monarchy |
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| How did Richelieu help make an absolute monarchy? |
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| weakened upperclasses and strengthened the military |
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| 45. Name the absolute ruler from France. |
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| Louis XIV (14th) |
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| What did Louis say about himself? |
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| He said: "I am the state!" |
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| What did Louis build to show his power? |
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| the Palace of Versailles |
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| 46. Was the absolute ruler from Prussia? |
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| Frederick II the Great |
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| What did Frederick the Great do in Prussia? |
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| built a very strong military |
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| What language do Prussians speak? |
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| German |
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| 47. Who was the absolute monarch from Russia? |
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| Peter the Great |
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| What was Peter the Great obsessed with doing? |
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| westernizing Russia--making it like England |
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| 48. What did Copernicus formulate? |
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| the heliocentric theory |
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| 49. What did Johannes Kepler prove to be true? |
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| that planets move in orbits around the sun |
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| 50. What did Galileo prove to be true? |
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| using a telescope, he proved the heliocentric theory |
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| 51. Who discovered the laws of gravity? |
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| Isaac Newton |
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| 52. Who discovered the circulation of blood in animals? |
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| William Harvey |
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| 53. Who wrote Leviathan? |
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| Thomas Hobbes (England) |
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| What did Hobbes believe to be the best government? |
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| an absolute monarchy |
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| Why did Hobbes believe in absolute monarchy? |
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| He thought chaos would reign without it |
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| 54. What book did John Locke write? |
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| Two Treatises of Government |
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| What did Englishman John Locke believe? |
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| People were sovereign; NO divine right for Kings |
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| What did Locke believe to be government's main job? |
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| to protect our natural rights |
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| What are our three main natural rights? |
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| the rights to life, liberty, and property |
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| 55. Who wrote Spirit of Laws? |
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| Baron de Montesquieu (France) |
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| What idea did Montesquieu put forth? |
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| the doctrine of "separations of powers" |
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| What does the "separation of powers" refer to? |
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| Gov't powers should be separated between diff. branches |
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| 56. What is Voltaire best known for? |
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| defending freedom of speech and religion |
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| 57. What did Jean Jacques Rousseau write? |
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| The Social Contract |
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| What did Rousseau say about government? |
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| said it was a contract between people and rulers |
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| What did Rousseau say about rebellion? |
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| Rebel whenever people felt necessary\ |
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| 58. Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart? |
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| An Enlightenment Composer |
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| 59. Who was Johanne Sabastian Bach? |
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| An Enlightenment Composer |
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| 60. What was Delacroix best known for? |
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| painting "Liberty leading the People" |
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| 61. What country was Charles I king of? |
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| England |
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| During what war was Charles I king? |
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| English Civil War |
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| How did Charles I cause the English Civil War? |
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| by ruling as an absolute monarch by divine right |
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| 62. Who was Oliver Cromwell? |
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| military leader of Parliament during Eng. Civil War |
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| What did Cromwell do? |
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| Won Civil War; beheaded Charles I; became dictator |
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| 63. Who was Charles II? |
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| Son of Charles I; restored as king after Cromwell died |
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| What law did Charles II sign into law? |
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| Habeau Corpus--right to a speedy trial |
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| 64. What did James II do to cause Glorious Revolution? |
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| ignored Habeas Corpus; tried to rule by divine right |
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| What happens to James II? |
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| Parliament overthrows him and James II flees to France |
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| 65. Who did Parliament appoint to replace James II? |
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| William and Mary |
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| 66. What is Thomas Jefferson famous for writing? |
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| the Declaration of Independence |
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| When was the Declaration signed? |
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| July 4, 1776 |
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| Who had the greatest influence on Jefferson's writing? |
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| John Locke--"rights to life, liberty, and property" |
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| 67. Who took over France and ended the French Rev.? |
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| Napoleon Boneparte |
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| How did Napoleon take over France? |
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| in a coup d'etat |
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| In what did year did Napoleon take over France? |
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| What did Napoleon do after becoming Emperor of France? |
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| He tried to take over all of Europe. |
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| What empire did Napoleon destroy? |
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| the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| 68. Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture? |
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| former slave:led a rebellion against French in Haiti |
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| 69. What is Simon Bolivar famous for doing? |
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| Helping all of South America win independence from Spain |
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| 70. Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna? |
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| Prince Metternich |
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| From which country was Mettenich from? |
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| Austria |
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| What did Metternich want to do? |
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| Return Europe to the way it was BEFORE the French Rev. |
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| How was Metternich going to keep the peace in Europe? |
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| setting up alliances and keeping the balance of power |
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| 71. What did Guiseppi Garibaldi do? |
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| united southern Italy--then all of Italy |
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| How did Garibaldi unite Italy? |
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| by the use of guerilla warfare |
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| 72. Who was Count Covour? |
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| an Italian leader who united northern Italy |
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| 73. Who united Germany? |
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| Otto von Bismark from Prussia |
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| How did he say he was going to do it? |
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| "by blood and iron" |
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| What war did Bismark fight to unite Germany? |
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| Franco-Prussian War of 1870 |
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| What term is associated with Bismark? |
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| realpolitik |
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| 74. What did Henry Bessemer invent? |
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| a new process to make steel quickly and cheaply |
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| Why was this important to industrialization? |
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| steel used to build buildings, trains, and weapons |
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| 75. What did Eli Whitney invent? |
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| the cotton gin |
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| What effect did this have on industrialization? |
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| cotton cleaned really fast: textile production up big |
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| 76. What did James Watt invent? |
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| the steam engine |
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| Why was this important to industrializaton? |
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| Factories could run away from rivers or when frozen |
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| 77. What did Louis Pasteur discover? |
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| bacteria, which led to penicillin |
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| 78. What did Edward Jenner discover? |
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| a vaccine for small pox |
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| 79. What book did Adam Smith write? |
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| The Wealth of Nations |
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| What economic system did Smith support? |
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| laissez faire--capitalism |
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| 80. Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? |
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| Karl Marx |
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| What did Marx believe about income (wages)? |
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| everyone should get an equal pay |
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| What type of gov't is needed to have equal pay? |
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| an absolute gov't that doesn't allow any freedom |
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| What type of economic system did Marx invent? |
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| communist |
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| 81. What is U.S. Commodore Perry best known for? |
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| ending Japan's isolationalism--opening it up for trade |
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| 82. Who were the Boxers? |
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| Chinese rebels who killed Europeans in Boxer Rebellion? |
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| When did the Boxer Rebellion take place? |
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| 83. What company controlled affairs in India? |
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| the British East India Company |
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| 84. Whose assassination started World War I? |
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| Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary |
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| 85. Who were the Allies of World War I? |
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| France, Great Britain, Russia, and the U.S. (1917) |
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| 86. Who were the Central Powers of World War I? |
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| Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire |
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| 87. Who was the U.S. President during WWI? |
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| Woodrow Wilson |
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| What organization did Wilson want to start after WWI? |
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| the League of Nations |
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| 88. Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II? |
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| King of Germany during WWII? |
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| 89. Who was Tzar Nicolas II? |
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| ruler of Russia during WWI; murdered by Bolsheviks |
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| 90. What was the League of Nations? |
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| international organization formed to keep peace. |
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| What country did NOT join the League of Nations? |
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| the United States |
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| 91. Who were the Bolsheviks--what did they do? |
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| Russian communists: took over Russia in coup d'etat. |
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| 92. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? |
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| Vladimir Lenin |
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| What new country did Lenin and the Bolsheviks start? |
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| Soviet Union: USSR--Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
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| What plan did Lenin use to get the Soviet economy going |
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| New Economic Plan |
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| 93. Who was the fascist dictator of Italy? |
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| Benito Mussolini |
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| Why was Mussolini popular? |
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| gave people jobs; fixed military and economy |
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| 94. Who were the Blackshirts? |
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| followers of Mussulini who killed anyone opposing him |
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| 95. What book did Hitler write? |
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| Mein Kampf: "My Struggle" |
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| What country did Hitler rule? |
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| Germany |
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| Who did Hitler blame Germany's problems on? |
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| the Jews and the Treaty of Versailles |
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| What party did Hitler belong to? |
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| National Socialist Party--Nazi Party for short |
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| Why was Hitler popular? |
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| Fixed economy, rebuilt military, made Germany strong |
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| 96. Who were the Stormtroopers? |
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| Supporters of Hitler; terrorized opposition to Hitler |
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| What groups did Stormtroopers beat up on the most? |
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| Jews and communists |
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| 97. What is "Nazi" short for? |
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| National Socialist Party |
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| 98. Who was the totalitarian dictator of the USSR? |
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| Joseph Stalin |
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| What are the five policies Stalin forced on the USSR? |
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| state farms, atheism, 5 year plan, KGB, Great Purge |
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| 99. What emperor did Japanese worship before WWII? |
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| Hirohito |
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| 100. Who was Japan's totalitarian dictator? |
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| What did Tojo want to do? |
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| Make Japan a powerful empire |
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| Where did Tojo wish to expand Japan's empire? |
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| into Korea, China, and all of Southeast Asia |
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| What country stood in Tojo's way? |
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| United States |
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| 101. Who were the Allies of WWII? |
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| Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, France |
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| 102. Who were the Axis Powers of WWII? |
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| Germany, Italy, and Japan |
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| 103. Who was the U.S. President during WWII? |
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| Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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| 104. Who was Prime Minister of Britain during WWII? |
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| Winston Churchill |
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| 105. Who was Dwight D. Eisenhower? |
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| U.S. General--Commander of Allied Forces in Europe |
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| 106. Who was Douglas MacArthur? |
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| U.S. General--Commander of U.S. forces in Pacific |
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| What did MacArthur do after WWII? |
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| Was military Governor of Japan; General in Korean War |
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| 107. Who was George Marshall |
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| U.S. General--wrote the Marshall Plan after WWII |
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| 108. Who became President after Roosevelt died? |
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| Harry Truman |
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| What controversial attack did Truman order in Aug 1945? |
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| The nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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| 109. Who were the Armenians? |
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| ethnic group in Ottoman Empire killed by the Turks |
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| 110. Who are the Tutsi? |
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| minority ethnic group in Rwanda being killed by Hutus |
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| 111. Who are the Hutu? |
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| majority ethnic group in Rwanda who kill Tutsi |
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| 112. Who are the Croats? |
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| minority group in Bosnia being killed by the Serbs |
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| 113. What two groups were Serbs killing in 1990s? |
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| Muslims and Croats |
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| 114. What is the United Nations (UN)? |
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| international org. created to help keep peace. |
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| When was the first military UN group used? |
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| Korean War--1950 |
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| 115. What is NATO? |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization? |
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| What was NATO formed to do? |
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| protect member countries from a USSR nuclear attack |
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| 116. What was the Warsaw Pact? |
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| Communist version of NATO; alliance against NATO |
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| 117. Who led the communist Chinese Revolution? |
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| Mao Zedung |
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| 118. Who did Mao Zedung defeat? |
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| Chiang Kai-Shek |
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| What island did Kai-Shek flee to? |
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| Taiwan |
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| What country supported Kai-Shek and Taiwan? |
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| United States |
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| 119. Who led the communist Revolution in Cuba? |
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| Fidel Castro in 1959 |
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| 120. Who was the communist leader of Vietnam? |
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| Ho Chi Minh |
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| Who did Ho Chi Minh defeat before fighting the U.S.? |
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| France |
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| 121. Who was Pol Pot? |
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| communist leader of Cambodia |
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| What is Pol Pot infamous for? |
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| killing millions of his own people in a genocide |
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| 122. Which U.S. President who helped end the Cold War? |
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| Ronald Reagan |
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| How did Reagan do this? |
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| By bankrupting the USSR in an arms race |
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| What statement is Reagan remembered for? |
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| "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!" (the Berlin Wall) |
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| 123. Who was the Soviet leader during the late 1980s? |
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| Gorbachev |
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| 124. Who led India to independence? |
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| Gandhi |
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| From what country did India gain its independence? |
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| Great Britain |
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| 125. Who led Kenya to independence? |
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| Kenyatta |
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| Events |
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| 1. What is Passover? |
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| Jewish holiday: When Moses led Hebrews out of slavery |
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| Where were the Hebrews enslaved? |
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| 2. What is the Jewish New Year called? |
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| Rosh Hashanah |
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| 3. What does Christmas celebrate? |
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| the birth of Jesus Christ |
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| 4. What does Easter celebrate? |
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| Jesus Christ rising from the dead |
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| 5. What is the Islamic holy month called? |
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| Ramadan |
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| 6. What does Renaissance mean? |
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| rebirth |
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| What was there a rebirth of during the Renaissance? |
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| cultural rebirth: study of Greek and Roman culture |
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| When was the Renaissance? |
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| 1350-1600 |
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| 7. What was the Reformation? |
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| movement to reform the Catholic Church |
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| Who started the Reformation? |
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| Martin Luther |
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| What was the Catholic Church's reaction to reform? |
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| hated it, tried persecute reformers |
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| What Christian group was formed due to the Reformation? |
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| Protestant |
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| What did Protestants say about the Bible? |
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| Said it was final authority: above the Pope |
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| When was the Reformation? |
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| 1517-1560 |
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| 8. What was settled at the Peace of Augsburg? |
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| German Princes of H.R.E. get to choose their religion |
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| What two religions did these Princes get to choose from |
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| Lutheran (Protestant) or Roman Catholic |
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| Where in the H.R.E. did most Princes choose Lutheran? |
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| in the north |
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| 9. What was the Inquisition? |
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| Catholic court set up to persecute (hang) Protestants |
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| 10. What happened during the Age of Discovery? |
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| Europeans discovered N. and S. America; visited Asia |
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| 11. What was the Enlightenment? |
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| saw the study the world using scientific method |
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| What were thinkers no longer held back by? |
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| superstition or tradition |
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| When was the Enlightenment? |
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| 1600-1800 |
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| 12. What was the Age of Reason? |
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| describes Enlightenment due to emphasis on reason |
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| 13. When was the English Civil War? |
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| 1642-1649 |
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| Why did the English Civil War begin? |
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| Parliament rebelled against absolutist Charles I |
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| Who won the English Civil War? |
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| Parliament, led by Cromwell |
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| Who beheaded Charles I? |
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| Oliver Cromwell |
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| 14. When was the Glorious Revolution? |
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| Why was it called "Glorious?" |
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| it was bloodless--no one died |
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| Why did it happen? |
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| Parliament rebelled against absolute monarch James II |
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| Who did Parliament replace James II with? |
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| William and Mary |
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| What laws did Parliament pass after the Glorious Rev.? |
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| English Bill of Rights and Habeaus Corpus |
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| 15. When was the French Revolution? |
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| 1789-1799 |
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| Why did the French Revolution happen? |
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| Rebellion against absolute monarch Louis XVI. |
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| What two things did people hate about Louis XVI? |
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| High taxes on poor, didn't allow democracy |
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| What happened to Louis XVI? |
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| He was beheaded |
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| Who ended the French Revolution in 1799? |
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| Napoleon in a coup d'etat |
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| 16. What was the "Storming of the Bastille"? |
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| a peasant revolt against the Bastille prison |
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| Why did the peasants choose Bastille? |
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| To them, it was a symbol of the King's absolutism |
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| 17. What was the Reign of Terror? |
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| New French gov't kills anyone who opposes them |
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| Why did the French Revolution begin to be hated? |
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| It made France a chaotic place; people wanted peace |
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| 18. What was the Congress of Vienna? |
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| a peace conference after the Napoleonic Wars |
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| What year did it take place? |
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| Who dominated the conference? |
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| Prince Metternich of Austria |
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| what was the chief goal of the Congress of Vienna? |
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| Return Europe to what is was BEFORE the French Rev. |
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| What does Each letter in D.R.E.A.M. stand for? |
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| D=dominated by Prince Metternich |
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| R=redrew map to make France weak |
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| E=established alliances to stop rebellion |
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| A=alliances kept balance of power |
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| M=monarchies restored to power |
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| 19. Why did the Revolutions of 1848 happen? |
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| people wanted democracy to vote in reforms in cities |
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| 20. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? |
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| c. 1750 in England |
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| Why did it start in England? |
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| "rule of law", coal, iron ore, and inventions |
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| Where did people migrate to during the Indust. Rev? |
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| cities to get jobs |
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| How did the Indust. Rev. effect standard of living? |
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| it rose rapidly--people could buy more! |
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| 21. When was the Age of Imperialism? |
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| 1870-1914 |
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| What happended during the Age of Imperialism? |
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| European countries created colonies in Asia and Africa |
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| What three factors caused the Age of Imperialism? |
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| nationalism; proselytize religon; natural resourses |
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| Who was the greatest imperialist power in the 1800's? |
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| Great Britain |
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| 22. What was the Treaty of Versailles? |
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| Peace treaty after World War I |
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| When was the Treaty of Versailles signed? |
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| Who was punished by the Treaty of Versailles? |
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| Germany |
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| What four punishments did Germany receive? |
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| reparations; guilt; loss of territory; loss of military |
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| What land area did Germany have to give to France? |
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| Alsace-Lorraine |
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| 23. When did the Russian Revolution take place? |
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| Who took over the gov't after the Russian Revolution? |
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| Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks |
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| Why did the Tzar end up in J.A.I.L? |
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| J=Japan won Russo-Japan War in 1905: Russians mad |
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| A=absolutism of Tzar; people wanted freedom |
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| I=incompetant military in WWII; lots of defeats |
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| L=Landless peasants--they wanted land! |
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| What new country replaced Russia? |
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| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR-Soviet Union) |
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| 24. What year did the Stock Market Crash take place? |
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| What did the Stock Market Crash start? |
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| a Worldwide Depression |
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| 25. What was the "Great Depression"? |
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| massive economic collapse in 1930s |
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| What effect did the Great Depression have on Germany? |
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| over 40% of the people were out of work |
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| How did Hitler gain support during the Depression? |
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| Blamed the depression on Jews and Treaty of Versailles |
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| Why did Germans dislike Jews so much? |
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| Many Jews were bankers and business owners: jealousy |
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| 26. What was the Great Purge? |
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| Stalin's killing of anyone who opposed him in 1930's |
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| 27. What was the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? |
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| Deal between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other |
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| What did this allow Hitler to do? |
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| conquer Western Europe without worrying about Stalin |
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| What did Hilter and Stalin decide about Poland? |
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| To split it in half between them |
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| 28. What was Kristallnacht? |
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| the "night of the broken glass" |
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| What happened during Kristallnacht? |
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| Nazis destroyed Jewish property in Germany and Austria |
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| What caused Kristallnacht |
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| A Jewish boy killed German official |
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| 29. What was the Holocaust? |
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| name given to German genocide of the Jews |
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| How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust? |
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| 6 million |
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| 30. What was Yalta |
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| 1945 peace conference near end of WWII. |
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| Who attended Yalta? |
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| Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill |
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| What international organization was created at Yalta? |
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| United Nations |
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| What area did Roosevelt agree to let Stalin have? |
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| Eastern Europe |
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| What happened to Germany at Yalta? |
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| Split into four parts |
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| 31. What was the Marshall Plan |
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| General Marshall's plan to rebuild Europe |
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| Why was the Marshall Plan necessary? |
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| To make sure western Europe didn't fall to communism |
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| 32. What was the Cold War? |
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| era of tension between U.S. and USSR |
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| Why was it called "cold?" |
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| the two countries never attacked each other directly |
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| When did the Cold War happen? |
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| 1947-1991 |
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| 33. What was the Berlin Airlift? |
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| A U.S. action to supply West Berlin with food |
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| Why did the Berlin Airlift take place? |
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| Stalin blockaded West Berlin to get the U.S. to leave |
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| Who ordered the Berlin Airlift to take place |
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| President Harry Truman |
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| Who won this first faceoff in the Cold War? |
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| United States |
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| 34. When did the Chinese Revolution happen? |
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| Who was the communist who took over and won China? |
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| Mao Zedung |
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| Who did Mao defeat in the Revolution? |
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| Chiang Kai-Shek |
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| Where did Kai-Shek flee to after defeat? |
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| island of Taiwan |
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| What country supported Kai-Shek? |
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| United States |
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| 35. What was the Cuban Revolution of 1959? |
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| communist takeover of Cuba |
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| Who led the Cuban communists? |
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| Fidel Castro |
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| 36. What was the Berlin Wall? |
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| Soviet wall buily in Berlin |
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| Why did the Soviets build The Berlin Wall? |
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| people were escaping communism through West Berlin |
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| What year was the Berlin Wall built? |
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| What year did the Berlin Wall fall? |
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| 37. What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis? |
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| the USSR tried to put nuclear missiles in Cuba |
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| What was the result? |
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| the USSR backed off after the US threatened war |
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| 38. When did the Soviet Union collapse? |
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| Why did the USSR collapse? |
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| Its economy collapsed due to Reagan's arms race |
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| 1. When did the Renaissance happen? |
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| 1350-1600 |
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| 2. Give the dates for the Reformation. |
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| 1517-1560 |
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| Name two leaders of the Reformation. |
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| Martin Luther and John Calvin |
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| 3. When was the Age of Exploration? |
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| c. 1450-1650 |
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| What date did Columbus find America? |
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| 4. What are the dates of the Enlightenment? |
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| 1600-1800 |
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| What are the three parts to the Enlightenment? |
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| Age of Reason, Scientific Rev., and Age of Absolutism |
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| 5. What are the dates of the English Civil War? |
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| 1642-1649 |
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| Who did Cromwell behead at the end of the Civil War? |
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| Charles I |
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| 6. When did Louis XIV rule France? |
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| 1643-1715 |
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| 7. State the dates of the Glorious Revolution |
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| 1688-1689 |
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| 8. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? |
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| c. 1750 in England |
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| 9. What was signed in 1776? |
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| the Declaration of Independence |
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| 10. What are the dates of the French Revolution? |
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| 1789-1799 |
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| Who ended the French Revolution? |
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| Napoleon in a coup d'etat |
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| 11. When was the Congress of Vienna? |
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| Who dominated the Congress of Vienna? |
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| Prine Metternich of Austria |
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| 12. When did a series of Revolutions happen in Europe? |
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| 13. When was Germany united? |
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| Who united Germany? |
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| Otto von Bismark |
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| What war did Bismark fight to unite Germany? |
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| Franco-Prussian War |
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| What other country was united in 1870? |
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| 14. When did the Age of Imperialism happen? |
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| 1870-1914 |
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| 15. When was the Russo-Japanese War? |
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| 16. State the dates of World War I. |
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| 1914-1918 |
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| 17. When was the Russian Revolution? |
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| When did the United States enter World War I? |
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| 18. In what year did the Stock Market Crash? |
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| 19. When was the Great Depression |
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| 1929 through 1930's |
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| 20. State the dates of World War II |
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| 1939-1945 |
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| 21. What event took place on December 7, 1941? |
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| Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor |
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| 22. What day did the D-Day invasion begin? |
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| June 6, 1944 |
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| 23. The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on: |
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| August 6, 1945 |
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| 24. What are the dates of the Cold War? |
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