Hi Parents and Students,

It is that time of the year!

Dear Parents and students,

It that time again to demonstarte how much you have learned.

Below is a study and review guide.

Also review the following Guided reading and study worksheets

-Infectious Deseases

- Body's Defenses

-Preventing Infectious Diseases

-Non Infectious Diseases

-How the Nwervous system works

- Divisions of the Nervous System

-The Senses

Chap 5/6 study guide and Questions

Key Concepts

• What is the relationship between pathogens and infectious disease?
• What kinds of pathogens cause infectious diseases in humans?
• What are four ways that pathogens can spread?

Key Terms

•  (a) Defining What is a pathogen?

(b) Explaining How do pathogens cause infectious disease?

(c) Relating Cause And Effect How did Pasteur and Koch contribute to the understanding of the causes of infectious disease?

• (a) Identifying Name four kinds of pathogens that cause disease in humans.

(b) Explaining In what two ways do bacteria cause disease?

(c) Comparing And Contrasting Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses––both in terms of their size and how they cause disease.

• (a) Listing What are four ways that pathogens can infect humans?

(b) Describing How are pathogens spread by contaminated objects?

(c) Applying Concepts If you have a cold, what steps can you take to keep from spreading it to other people? Explain.

Key Concepts

• How does the body’s first line of defense guard against pathogens?
• What happens during the inflammatory response?
• How does the immune system respond to pathogens?
• How does HIV affect the immune system and how does it spread?

Section 3

Reviewing Key Concepts

1. (a) Defining What is active immunity?

(b) Explaining What are two ways in which active immunity can be acquired?

(c) Applying Concepts After receiving certain vaccinations, some children may develop mild symptoms of the disease. Explain why.

1. (a) Reviewing What is passive immunity?

(b) Describing How is passive immunity acquired?

(c) Inferring Why does passive immunity usually not last for very long?

Section 4

Reviewing Key Concepts

1. (a) Defining What is an allergy?

(b) Describing Describe how the body reacts to the presence of an allergen.

(c) Inferring You and your friends go to a movie. When you enter the theater, you start to sneeze and your throat feels scratchy. Explain what you think is happening.

1. (1) Identifying What is the function of insulin in the body?

(b) Explaining How does diabetes affect the level of glucose in the blood and in body cells?

1. (a) Reviewing What is a cancerous tumor?

(b) Relating Cause And Effect Describe how cancerous tumors harm the body.

(c) Applying Concepts Why do doctors look for cancerous tumors in the lymphatic system when someone is diagnosed with cancer?

Key Concepts

• When you have an infectious disease, pathogens have gotten inside your body and caused harm.
• The four major groups of human pathogens are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
• Pathogens can spread through contact with either an infected person; soil, food, or water; a contaminated object; or an infected animal.

Key Terms

• pathogen
• infectious disease
• toxin

The Body’s Defenses

Key Concepts

• In the first line of defense, the surfaces of the skin, breathing passages, mouth, and stomach function as barriers to pathogens. These barriers trap and kill most pathogens with which you come into contact.
• In the inflammatory response, fluid and white blood cells leak from blood vessels into nearby tissues. The white blood cells then fight the pathogens.
• The cells of the immune system can distinguish between different kinds of pathogens. The immune system cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at that pathogen.
• HIV is the only kind of virus known to attack the human immune system directly and destroy T cells. HIV can spread from one person to another only if body fluids from an infected person come in contact with those of an uninfected person.

Key Terms

• inflammatory response, phagocyte immune response lymphocyte
• T cell antigen B cell antibody AIDS HIV

Preventing Infectious Disease

Key Concepts

• A person acquires active immunity when their own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen.
• A person acquires passive immunity when the antibodies that fight the pathogen come from a source other than the person’s body.

Key Terms

• immunity active immunity vaccination vaccine antibiotic passive immunity

Noninfectious Disease

Key Concepts

• An allergy develops in response to various foreign substances that set off a series of reactions in the body.
• A diabetic has high levels of glucose in the blood and excretes glucose in the urine. The person’s body cells do not have enough glucose.
• Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply uncontrollably and destroy healthy tissue.

Key Terms

• noninfectious disease allergy allergen histamine asthma insulin diabetes
• tumor carcinogen

Cancer and the Environment

Key Concepts

• To reduce the risk of cancer, environmental carcinogens need to be removed or people need to be protected from them.
• Three important environmental carcinogens are ultraviolet light, vinyl chloride, and arsenic.

Chap 6 section 1 Nervous Sytem

Reviewing Key Concepts

1. (a) Listing What are three functions of the nervous system?

(b) Describing Give an example of a stimulus and describe how the nervous system produces a response.

(c) Predicting Your heart rate is controlled by involuntary actions of the nervous system. What would life be like if your heartbeat were under voluntary control?

1. (a) Identifying Identify the three kinds of neurons that are found in the nervous system.

(b) Explaining How do the three kinds of neurons interact to carry nerve impulses?

(c) Comparing And Contrasting How do sensory neurons and motor neurons differ?

1. (a) Reviewing What is a synapse?

(b) Sequencing Outline the steps by which a nerve impulse reaches and then crosses the gap at a synapse.

Key Concepts

• What are the structures and functions of the central nervous system?
• What are the structures and functions of the peripheral nervous system?
• What is a reflex?
• What are two ways in which the nervous system can be injured?

Key Terms

• central nervous system peripheral nervous system brain spinal cord cerebrum cerebellum brain stem somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system reflex concussion

Chap 2 Section 2

Reviewing Key Concepts

1. (a) Listing What two structures are part of the central nervous system?

(b) Describing Describe the functions of the three main regions of the brain.

(c) Relating Cause And Effect What symptoms might indicate that a person’s cerebellum has been injured?

1. (a) Identifying What are the two groups of nerves into which the peripheral nervous system is divided?

(b) Comparing And Contrasting How do the functions of the two groups of peripheral nerves differ?

1. (a) Defining What is a reflex?

(b) Sequencing Trace the pathway of a reflex in the nervous system.

(c) Inferring How do reflexes help protect the body from injury?

1. (a) Reviewing What is a concussion?

(b) Applying Concepts How can you reduce your risk of concussion?

Section 4 SENSES

Reviewing Key Concepts

1. (a) Listing What are the parts of the eye?

(b) Sequencing Describe the process by which the eye produces an image. Begin at the point at which light is focused by the lens.

(c) Inferring If nearby objects seem blurry, what type of vision problem might you have? How can it be corrected?

1. (a) Identifying What are the three regions of the ear?

(b) Describing Describe the location and function of the eardrum and the cochlea.

(c) Relating Cause And Effect Why may an infection of the inner ear cause you to lose your balance?

1. (a) Reviewing What two senses work together to influence the flavor of food?

(b) Comparing And Contrasting How are the senses of taste and smell similar? How are they different?

1. (a) Identifying What kinds of touch receptors are found in the skin?

(b) Applying Concepts What happens in the dermis when you accidentally touch a hot stove?

Key Concepts

• What are the immediate and long-term effects of drug abuse?
• What are some commonly abused drugs and how does each affect the body?
• How does alcohol abuse harm the body?

Key Terms

• drug drug abuse tolerance addiction withdrawal depressant
• stimulant anabolic steroid alcoholism

Hi Parents and Students,

Happy New Year! We are just days away from the end of the 2nd quater and the last test for the quater will be on Tuesday 1/14/14.

I have pasted below the study guide.

Please use the following to study for your test.

-Respiration Guided Reading and study worksheet

- Bill Nye Video worksheet

-Section 3 assessment on page 131

-Exretion Guided reading and study worksheets

- Notes on Respiration and Excretion

-Warm ups since 1/2/14

THis should help get ready for your test

Good luck

Respiration & Excretion Chap 4 Test Study Guide

Key Concepts

• Respiratory System
  • Function of respiratory system
  • Pathway that air travels during inhalation & exhalation
  • Function of cilia & mucus in upper airway
  • Be able to identify organs of the respiratory system in a diagram
  • Mechanism of breathing
    • what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, volume & pressure during inhalation
    • what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, volume & pressure during exhalation?

• The respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from the body.
• As air travels from the outside environment to the lungs, it passes through the following structures: nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.
• After air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood. Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli. This whole process is known as gas exchange.
• When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles and diaphragm expand or contract your chest, causing air to flow in or out.

Key Terms : Know the structure and functions of ;

respiration, cilia, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm, larynx

The Excretory System

Key Concepts

• Excretory System
  • Kidneys
    • function
    • nephron(filter)
    • substances found in urine
• Liver
  • what is broken down to produce urea?
• Lab: What chemical wastes are removed by the excretory system?
  • What chemical indicators can be used to detect waste materials from the body?
  • What waste products are excreted by the lungs?
  • What waste products are excreted by the skin?
  • What waste products are excreted by the kidneys? 

• The excretory system is the system in the body that collects wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body.
• The structures of the excretory system that eliminate urea, water, and other wastes include the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
• The nephrons filter wastes in stages. First, both wastes and needed materials, such as glucose, are filtered from the blood into a nephron. Then, much of the needed material is returned to the blood, and the wastes are eliminated from the body.
• Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the body’s internal environment stable and free of harmful levels of chemicals. In addition to the kidneys, organs of excretion that maintain homeostasis include the lungs, skin, and liver.

Key Terms: Know the structure and functions of ;

• excretion, urea, kidney, urine, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, nephron

What chemical is used to store energy in the body? ATP

ATP production requires these two molecules. O2 and CO2

Cellular respiration produces this compound which we exhale? CO2

During breathing what gases are exchanged? O2 and CO2

List the path of air during respiration.  Nose, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

What is the nose used for? (2 things) warm and filter.

These finger-like cells move mucous towards pharynx and trap mucus? Cilia

The voice box is also called what ? Larynx

What protects the opening of the pharynx? Epiglottis

What is another name for “windpipe”? Trachea

What is the main function of the trachea?  Passage for air between larynx and lungs

When the bronchi divide they become what?  Bronchioles

Where do the alveolar ducts end? Alveoli

What happens in the alveoli? This is where gas exchange occurs

T or F: Breathing requires the contraction of skeletal muscle? True

What type of muscle do the lungs contain? Smooth muscle

What is the name of the most important skeletal muscle in breathing? Diaphragm

Hi All,

Christmas is almost here! But we need to finsih up on the chapters we just covered. Our Second test this second quater will be on Tuesday 12/17/13. Science Tests will henceforth be on Tuesdays.

Plaese find below the study guide

Key concepts

Digestive system

• Foods provide the body with raw materials and energy.
• Carbohydrates provide energy as well as the raw materials to make cell parts.
• In addition to providing energy, fats form part of the cell membrane. Fatty tissue also protects and supports internal organs and insulates the body.
• Proteins are needed for tissue growth and repair. They also play an important part in chemical reactions within cells.
• Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts to carry out chemical processes.
• Water is the most important nutrient because the body’s vital processes take place in water.
•  

Key vocabulary

• nutrient, calorie, carbohydrate, glucose, fat, protein, amino acid, vitamin, mineral

Key Concepts

• The digestive system breaks down food into molecules the body can use. Then, the molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Finally, wastes are eliminated.
• Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth.
• In the esophagus, contractions of smooth muscles push the food toward the stomach.
• Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach.

Key Terms

• digestion, absorption, saliva, enzyme, epiglottis, esophagus, mucus, peristalsis, stomach

Final Digestion

Final Digestion and Absorption

Key Concepts

• Almost all chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine.
• The liver produces bile, which breaks up fats.
• The pancreas produces enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats.
• In the large intestine, water is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining material is readied for elimination.

Key Terms

• small intestine, liver, bile, gallbladder, pancreas, villus, large intestine, rectum, anus

Key Concepts

The cardiovascular system

• The cardiovascular system carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells. In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease.
• When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.
• The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side by a wall of tissue called the septum. Each side has two compartments, or chambers––an upper chamber ( atrium ) and a lower chamber (ventricle).
• Blood circulates in two loops. In the first loop, blood travels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. In the second loop, blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns to the heart.

Key Terms

• cardiovascular system, heart, atrium, ventricle, valve, pacemaker, artery, capillary, vein, aorta
•  

A Closer at blood vessels

Key Concepts

• When blood leaves the heart, it travels through arteries. Artery walls are thick and consist of three cell layers.
• In the capillaries, materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells. Capillary walls are only one cell thick.
• After blood moves through capillaries, it enters larger blood vessels called veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The walls of veins have three layers, with muscle in the middle layer.
• Blood pressure is caused by the force with which the ventricles contract.

Key Terms

• coronary artery, pulse, diffusion, blood pressure