Hi All,

Our quiz on Respiration and Excretion will be on Wed 2/11/15

It will cover Respitaion and Excretion

Below is Review guide and Extra Credit!   10Pts

Good Luck

Mr. Fuamenya

Respiration and Excretion quiz Study guide

Respiration is the process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a

complex series of chemical reactions inside cells. Respiration, which is also

called cellular respiration, releases the energy that fuels growth and other

cell processes. Respiration is different from breathing, which is the

movement of air into and out of the lungs. Respiration also produces carbon

dioxide and water, which are eliminated by the respiratory system.

As air travels from the outside environment to the lungs, it passes

through the following structures: nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi. Air

enters the body through your nostrils and then moves into the nasal cavities.

Some of the cells lining the nasal cavities produce mucus. Mucus cleans,

warms, and moistens air you breathe. The inside of the nose is lined with

cilia. Cilia (singular cilium) are tiny hairlike extensions that can move

together. They sweep the mucus into the throat where it is swallowed.

Air moves from the nose downward into the throat, or pharynx. The

trachea, or windpipe, leads from the pharynx to the lungs. The walls of the

trachea are made of rings of cartilage that keep it open. The trachea is lined

with cilia and mucus. The cilia in the trachea move the mucus toward the

pharynx, where it is swallowed.

Air moves from the trachea into the bronchi (singular bronchus). The

bronchi are passages that direct air into the lungs. The lungs are the main

organs of the respiratory system. Inside the lungs, each bronchus divides

into smaller and smaller tubes. At the end of the smallest tubes are bunches

of alveoli (singular alveolus). Alveoli are tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized

for the movement of gases between air and blood. Alveoli are surrounded by

capillaries. After air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes through the wall of

the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood. Carbon

dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli. This process is

known as gas exchange.

The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle at the base of the lungs.

When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles expand or contract your

chest, causing air to flow in or out.

The larynx, or voice box, is located at the top of the trachea. Your vocal

cords are two folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the

larynx. The vocal cords vibrate when air passes over them. This produces the

sound of your voice.

Key Concepts

• The respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from the body.
• As air travels from the outside environment to the lungs, it passes through the following structures: nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.
• After air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood. Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli. This whole process is known as gas exchange.
• When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles and diaphragm expand or contract your chest, causing air to flow in or out.

Key Terms

• respiration cilia pharynx trachea bronchi lungs alveoli diaphragm larynx
• vocal cords

Key Concepts

• The excretory system is the system in the body that collects wastes produced by cells and removes the wastes from the body.
• The structures of the excretory system that eliminate urea, water, and other wastes include the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
• The nephrons filter wastes in stages. First, both wastes and needed materials, such as glucose, are filtered from the blood into a nephron. Then, much of the needed material is returned to the blood, and the wastes are eliminated from the body.
• Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the body’s internal environment stable and free of harmful levels of chemicals. In addition to the kidneys, organs of excretion that maintain homeostasis include the lungs, skin, and liver.

Key Terms

• excretion urea kidney urine ureter urinary bladder urethra nephron

Extra CREDIT!!!!!  10 pts

• Your body uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy during the process of __________
• A passageway for both air and food is the _________
• The major organs of the excretory system are the __________
• A colorless, odorless gas that is produced when tobacco is burned is ______________
• The waste chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins in the body is called _________
• _______ is moved into the body in the respiratory system
• Tiny hair-like structures that sweep mucus from the nose into the throat are called __________
• Urine flows out of the kidneys through narrow tubes called _____
• The disease in which lung tissue is permanently destroyed is called __________
• Gas exchange occurs in the ­­­­­­­________

Hi Parents and students,

Despite the late starts due to inclement weather we have been working hard! On Friday 23rd we will have our next test on the Digestive system and the Cardiovascular systems. Please Review your notes/online testbook

and above all the 10 % points EXTRA CREDIT do not pass the chance!!

Below is review guide and extra credit.

Key concepts

Digestive system

• Foods provide the body with raw materials and energy.
• Carbohydrates provide energy as well as the raw materials to make cell parts.
• In addition to providing energy, fats form part of the cell membrane. Fatty tissue also protects and supports internal organs and insulates the body.
• Proteins are needed for tissue growth and repair. They also play an important part in chemical reactions within cells.
• Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts to carry out chemical processes.
• Water is the most important nutrient because the body’s vital processes take place in water. The digestive system breaks down food int
•  

Key vocabulary

• nutrient, calorie, carbohydrate, glucose, fat, protein, amino acid, vitamin, mineral

Key Concepts

• o molecules the body can use. Then, the molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Finally, wastes are eliminated.

• Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth.
• In the esophagus, contractions of smooth muscles push the food toward the stomach.
• Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach.

Key Terms

• digestion, absorption, saliva, enzyme, epiglottis, esophagus, mucus, peristalsis, stomach

Final Digestion

Final Digestion and Absorption

Key Concepts

• Almost all chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine.
• The liver produces bile, which breaks up fats.
• The pancreas produces enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats.
• In the large intestine, water is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining material is readied for elimination.

Key Terms

• small intestine, liver, bile, gallbladder, pancreas, villus, large intestine, rectum, anus

Key Concepts

The cardiovascular system

• The cardiovascular system carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells. In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease.
• When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.
• The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side by a wall of tissue called the septum. Each side has two compartments, or chambers––an upper chamber ( atrium ) and a lower chamber (ventricle).
• Blood circulates in two loops. In the first loop, blood travels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. In the second loop, blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns to the heart.

Key Terms

• cardiovascular system, heart, atrium, ventricle, valve, pacemaker, artery, capillary, vein, aorta
•  

A Closer at blood vessels

Key Concepts                                                                                                      

• When blood leaves the heart, it travels through arteries. Artery walls are thick and consist of three cell layers.
• In the capillaries, materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells. Capillary walls are only one cell thick.
• After blood moves through capillaries, it enters larger blood vessels called veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The walls of veins have three layers, with muscle in the middle layer.
• Blood pressure is caused by the force with which the ventricles contract.

Key Terms

• coronary artery, pulse, diffusion, blood pressure

EXTRA CREDIT!!!(10% points)

Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge

1. The nutrients that provide the highest amount of energy are _______
2. A substance that speed up chemical reactions in the body is called a(n)______
3. Proteins are made up of _______
4. What are the 6 main nutrients?
5. What are the functions of the following organs in digestion;(HINTs:what events occur)
6. mouth b. oesophagus c. stomach d. small intestine e. large intestine f. rectum
7. A simple carbohydrate that serves as a major source of energy for your body is ___
8. What are the functions of the following nutrients to the body?
9. Carbohydrates  b. proteins   c. fats.   d.vitamins e.
10. What are the functions of Arteries, capillaries and veins?
11. Which vessels carry oxygenated blood and oxygen poor blood.
12. A disorder in which a person’s blood pressure in consistently higher than normal is _

11The largest artery in the body is the ___

2. Which structures move blood into the lungs, left side of heart, right ventricle, left ventricle
3. Molecules in blood that binds to oxygen is____
4. Network of blood vessels that returns fluid to the blood stream is the _______
5. What are valves?

Additional Questions

Review key questions:p.73

1-10

Review key questions. p107

1-10

Good luck!

Dear Parents and Students ,

On wednesday Dec 17 we will be taking a test on the 1st 4 sections of chapter one .

Body Organization, Skeleton, Bone injuries, and Muscles

 Please find below the study guide. Do NOT FORGET THE EXTRA CREDIT!!!

Good Luck!

Human Biology Test 1 Chap 1: Body and Organization, The skeleton, Bone Injuries, and  Muscles

You NEED TO KNOW the KEY TERMs /CONCEPTS and their role in the body

Key Concepts

• The levels of organization in the body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• Homeostasis is the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment.

Key Terms

• cell, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

connective tissue, epithelial tissue, organ, organ system, homeostasis, stress

The Skeletal System

Key Concepts

• Your skeleton provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and other materials until your body needs them.
• Joints allow bones to move in different ways.
• Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and development.
• A balanced diet and regular exercise are important for a lifetime of healthy bones.

Key Terms

• skeleton, vertebrae, joint, ligament, cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone
• marrow, osteoporosis

Diagnosing Bone and Joint Injuries

Key Concepts

• Three common skeletal system injuries are fractures, dislocations, and sprains. Two ways to identify skeletal injuries are X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Ways to treat skeletal injuries include wearing a cast, joint replacement, and arthroscopy.

Key Terms

• fracture, dislocation, sprain, X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, arthritis

arthroscope

The Muscular System

Key Concepts

• Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
• Skeletal muscles work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes to its original length.

Key Terms

• involuntary muscle, voluntary muscle, skeletal muscle, tendon, striated muscle
• smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

10 points EXTRA CREDIT REVIEW QUESTIONS!!!

Answers the following as best as you can.

Textbook Page 39- 40.

#s 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,,11,12,13,14,15, 16,18, 19,20, 22,23

Additional Practice Questions

What are the four levels of organization for a multicellular organism?

1. cells, tissues, organs, bodies
2. cells, organs, organ systems, bodies
3. tissues, organs, organ systems, bodies
4. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Dear Parents and students,

We have almost made it through the Motion , Forces and Energy book.

While the material is still fresh we will have the last book on this book Monday 11/24.

The Advertisement Flier /power point on Going green South East Asia Energy resources started on 11/15.

Below is your study guide

Chapter 5 Energy and 6 thermal Energy study guide

Key Concepts

• If the transfer of energy is work, then power is the rate at which energy is transferred, or the amount of energy transferred in a unit of time.

• Two basic kinds of energy are kinetic energy and potential energy.

Key Terms

• energy , kinetic energy , potential energy , gravitational potential energy
• elastic potential energy

Forms of Energy

Key Concepts

• You can find an object’s mechanical energy by adding the object’s kinetic energy and potential energy.
•  
• Forms of energy associated with the particles of objects include thermal energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, and electromagnetic energy.

Key Terms

• mechanical energy , thermal energy , electrical energy , chemical energy
• nuclear energy , electromagnetic energy.

• Most forms of energy can be transformed into other forms.
• One of the most common energy transformations is the transformation between potential energy and kinetic energy.
• According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Key Terms

• energy transformation , law of conservation of energy , matter

Energy and Fossil Fuels

Key Concepts

• Fossil fuels contain energy that came from the sun.
• Fossil fuels can be burned to release the chemical energy stored millions of years ago.

chap 6

Key Concepts

• The three common scales for measuring temperature are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
• Heat is thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a cooler object.
• A material with a high specific heat can absorb a great deal of thermal energy without a great change in temperature.
• Change in energy = Mass × Specific heat × Change in temperature

Key Terms

• temperature, Fahrenheit scale, Celsius scale , Kelvin scale, absolute zero , heat specific heat

The Transfer of Heat

Key Concepts

• Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
• If two objects have different temperatures, heat will flow from the warmer object to the colder one.
• A conductor transfers thermal energy well. An insulator does not transfer thermal energy well.

Key Terms

• conduction , convention , convention current , radiation , conductor

Thermal Energy and States of Matter

Key Concepts

• Most matter on Earth can exist in three states—solid, liquid, and gas.
• Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released.
• As the thermal energy of matter increases, its particles spread out and the substance expands.

Key Terms

• state , change of state , melting , freezing, evaporation , boiling , condensation
• thermal expansion

Uses of Heat

Key Concepts

• Heat engines transform thermal energy to mechanical energy.
• A refrigerator is a device that transfers thermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the room outside.

Key Terms

• heat engine , external combustion engine , internal combustion engine
• refrigerant

10% points EXTRA CREDIT!!!

Review Questions: Chapter 5 p. 171-172

# 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,17,23,24,25

Review Questions: Chapter 6   p.201-202

# 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,1317,18,1923

Hi Parents and students,

This is a continuation of the Interdisciplinary Unit study on South West Asia in world culture. Being on the unit on energy students will research on Renewable and non renewable types of energy resources and create a one page advertisement that emphasizes the uses and how people can become greener/reduce energy use.

The advertisement could a one page flier, or 2 power point slides  slides max 

This is due Tuesday November 25, 2014.

Students have already started working on this in class and only need to complete the work and they have the hard copy of directions and rubric

Below is a brief summary of rubrics

Rubric ( max 5 points per category

Advertisement:  Graphics used /all infos in focus

Amount of Information: All questions addressed/organized and appropriate for a green energy ad with titles and sub headings

Quality of Information: Infos clearly relates to topic and includes supporting details/examples/infos on how people can become green.

Mechanics: Cite at least 3 soureces except wikipedia

Have a great learning oportunity

Mr. Fuamenya

Amount of Information