Hi Parents and Students,

Here is the study guide for the next test on Monday 12/21.

please take the time to go over the guide I have put together. A hard copy was handed out in class.

Don't forget the EXTRA CREDIT!!!

Good Luck!

Nelson F

Q2-T2 Study and review Guide

Vocabulary:

Product ,Reactant , Chemical equation , Balanced equation , Coefficient , Subscript ,Combination reaction , Decomposition reaction , Single-replacement reaction , Double-replacement reaction

Combustion reaction, cation, anion, exothermic, endothermic, catalyst, inhibitor

Know how to write the formula and find the name for the different types of chemical bonds.

Ionic Metal and Nonmetal (The atom that loses electrons becomes a positive ion, and the atom that gains electrons becomes a negative ion) Criss Cross Method using oxidation numbers 1 Write the symbols for the two ions with the metal first and the nonmetal next. 2 Cross over the superscript charges and write them as subscripts without the charge. If there is no number, it is ''understood' that it is 1. 3 Simplify, if possible. If the numbers are the same, then they cancel each other out. You do not put any numbers in the formula How to Find the Name First element name (plus Roman numerals if has one on the oxidation) plus the final element name. Drop the final element's ending and add the ending ''-ide''. Covalent Nonmetal and Non-metal (Diatomic molecules consist of two atoms joined by a covalent bond. Hydrogen,,oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens fluorine,chlorine,bromine,and iodine are diatomic molecules. They are found in nature this way, and are written with the symbol and a subscript of 2. EX.02) How to Write the Formula Prefix Method Look at the prefixes in the name to determine the subscripts in your formula. If the first element has no prefix, it is understood to be ''1''. Prefixes are Mono = 1         Di = 2           Tri = 3         Tetra = 4             Penta = 5

Hexa = 6         Hepta = 7       Octa = 8       Nona = 9            Deca = 10 How to Find the Name To find the name of a covalent bond when given the formula , you; 1 List the name of the first element first. 2 If there are more than 2 atoms of that element, add the prefix name that corresponds to the number of atoms of that element. 3 List the name of the second element with its prefix. The second element always has a prefix,even if it's one. 4 Drop the element's ending and add ''-ide''. Metallic Metal and Nonmetal How to Write the Formula

Know what chemical reaction is

A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances (reactants) undergo a charge to produce one or more different substances (products). The substances produced are new substances with new physical and chemical properties.

Know what a chemical equation is and the parts of a chemical equation.

A chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols. A chemical equation consists of the reactants, written before the arrow, and the products, written after the arrow. An example is follows C + 02 = CO2 A plus sign separates the formulas of two or more reactants or products from one another. The arrow also called the yields sign, separates the formulas of the reactants from the formulas of the products In this example,carbon and oxygen are reactants, and carbon dioxide is the product formed

Know how to balance an equation.

Writing a balanced equation requires the use of coefficients. A coefficient is a number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula. Coefficients are used when balancing equations because the subscripts in the formulas cannot be changed. To balance an equation, follow the following steps 1 Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and in the products 2 Use the appropriate coefficients in booth the reactant and product side for each element to make each element balances. 3 Double check your work

Know the four clues to a chemical reaction.

There are four clues that a chemical reaction is taking place; -Gas formation (bubbles) -Solid formation (precipitate) -Color change or production of odor -Energy change,either endothermic (gaining energy) or exothermic (losing energy)

Know all the following about energy

All chemical reactions involve chemical energy If the chemical energy of the reactants is greater than the chemical energy of the products, the difference in energy is released during the reaction,and is called ''exothermic''. If the chemical energy of the reactants is less than the chemical energy of the products, the difference in energy is absorbed during the reaction, and is called ''endothermic''. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for substances

Know the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction

The rate of a reaction is a measure of how rapidly the reaction takes place. Four factors that affect the rate of a reaction; Temperature, ,Concentration, Surface Area,and the presence of a catalyst or inhibitor. Temperature - an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction. Concentration - increasing the concentration of reactants increases the rate of a reaction. Concentration is a measure of the amount of one substance dissolved in another . Surface Area - increasing the surface area, or the amount of exposed surface,or solid reactants increases the rate of a reaction. Catalyst or inhibitors - A catalyst is a substance up a reaction without being permanently charged. A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction, which allows the reaction to occur more rapidly. An inhibitor is a substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction. Preservatives added to foods are inhibitors that slow

Balancing Equations: The # of atoms(NOT molecules) on both the reactants side & products side of an equation must be equal (Law Of Conservation of Mass / Matter)

• Mass reactants = Mass products

• #of Atoms reactants = #of Atoms products

1st: Identify # of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

2nd: Add coefficients to use as FACTORS (means to multiply!) to balance the equation

**Remember, you cannot change subscripts

, you may only use coefficients written in the FRONT of a molecule.

**If you have a word equation, write out the formulas before balancing.

A+B→AB

Synthesis

A+BX→AX+B

Single Replacement Reaction

AX+BY→AY+BX

Double Replacement Reaction

AB→A+B

Decomposition Reaction

CxHy + O2  → CO2 + H2O a hydrocarbon reacts with water to produce CO2 + H2O

Combustion Reaction

Predicting Products: Rearrange the reactants to show which new products will be formed when a reaction takes place.

Steps: 1. Identify the type of reaction – use FLOW CHART

2. Rearrange the atoms to form new products
3. Identify diatomics (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) – Ex: hydrogen – is not named with any

other element

4. swap and drop oxidation numbers.

**the cation (+ ion is a metal or NH4

+) always comes 1st

**the anion (- ion is a nonmetal OR a polyatomic ion) written 2nd

**Use your reference tables!!

Study question and Extra Credit 15% points.

Use your textbook. P482

A: Questions. 1, 2,   3, 4,   5,   6,   7, 8,  9

C: Balance the following chemical equations

1)         ____ Na₃PO₄ + ____ KOH à ____ NaOH + ____ K₃PO₄

2)         ____ MgF₂ + ____ Li₂CO₃ à ____ MgCO₃ + ____ LiF

C: Name the following compounds

1. K₂SO₄                 2. MgF₂                 3. NaBr 4. N₂O₃             5. CO ₂

Hi Parents and students, the next test on chap 13 will be Monday a week from tomorrow.

Study guide and review questions will be posted during the course of this week.

Nelson F

Dear Parents and Students,

Our first test in Chemistry will be on Monday 11/23

A hard copy will be given in class.

Best of Luck!!

Nelson F

Nelson Fuamenya

Below is the study guide and extra credit

Q2- Test 1 :Chap 12 Lessons 1 $ 2 Study Guide

What to Study!?!?

Know the vocabulary for this chapter very important to know all vocab!! Study the chapter notes . Make sure that you have done the reading. Do not just skim for the answers- actually read and try to comprehend each section. Spend time explaining what you have learned to your parents or peers- this helps immensely with retaining what you have read/studied! Make sure you have reviewed all practice problems, warm up questions and worksheets

Words/Terms to know:

Periodic table Halogens Alkali Metals

Periods Alkaline Earth Metals

Group or family Noble Gases energy level

Transition metals Inner transition metals atomic mass atomic number

Metals

Nonmetals Energy levels (energy shells) compounds elements atioms

Metalloids or Semimetals electron configurations (rules to write them)

Electron configuration ions Valence electrons cations anions Electron dot structures Octet Rule ionic bonds covalent bonds

Atom -- smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element.

3 main subatomic particles:

1. protons

2. neutrons

3. electrons

nucleus -- core of the atom, it is positively charged.99.9 % of the atoms mass is in the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus.

1. Protons -- have a positive (+) charge. Found in the nucleus of the atom.

The number of protons determines what element an atom is.

Example: Carbon has 6 protons

Atomic Number = the number of protons, each element has it own unique number of protons.

2. Neutrons -- a neutral charge (no charge) found in the nucleus. These determine whether an element is radioactive.

Protons and neutrons are about one atomic mass unit (amu). Electrons have a much smaller mass -- it takes almost 2000 electrons to equal 1 amu.

Atomic Mass = the total number of protons and neutrons.

Mass Number = Atomic Mass that is rounded.

To find just how many neutrons an atom has:

# neutrons = atomic mass – atomic #

3. Electrons - have a negative (-) charge. Found moving around the atom is a space called orbital’s (shells).

Those electrons farthest away from the nucleus are called valence electrons, and are involved in the formation of chemical bonds.

In an uncharged atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Ion - when an atom gains or loses an electron. (has a charge)

If an atom gains electrons = negative (-) charge.

If an atom loses electrons = positive (+) charge

How to find:

# protons = atomic #

# neutrons = atomic mass – atomic #

# electrons = atomic # -- charge (if any)

This to know:

1. The structure of an atom

2. Describe the Bohr and Lewis dot diagrams model of the atom.

3. Describe the wave mechanical model of an atom.

4. Explain the difference between ionic and covalent bonds

5. Describe the necessary conditions for the forming of an ionic bond.

6. Explain the significance of the noble-gas structure in the forming of ions.

7. Write the electron configurations of ions.

8. Determine how cations and anions are formed

9. Create an electron dot diagram for any element.

10. Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of any element.

11. Explain and show how atoms form ionic bonds .

12. Use a electron dot diagram to show two or more atoms chemically bonding.

13. Use an electron dot diagram to demonstrate ionic or covalent compounds

14. Explain what an ion is and how they become positively or negatively charged.

15. How to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in any atom

16. The atoms of an element can be identified by their atomic number, which is equal to the number of PROTONS (or positively charged particles) found inside the atom’s nucleus. Each element on the Periodic Table has a DIFFERENT atomic number.

17. There are 18 GROUPS (or vertical columns) of elements and 7 PERIODS (or horizontal rows) of elements found on the Periodic Table

18. All elements in the same row have the same number of ENERGY LEVELS surrounding the nucleus of their atoms, while all elements in the same column have similar properties and the same number of VALENCE (outermost) electrons.

19. The MASS NUMBER of an element is equal to the total number of PARTICLES (protons and neutrons) found inside the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons inside the nucleus can be found by subtracting the ATOMIC NUMBER from the MASS NUMBER (or AVG. ATOMIC MASS).

20. The atoms of each element found on the Periodic Table are balanced and have no overall electrical charge, which means that they must have the SAME number of PROTONS (positive charges) and ELECTRONS (negative charges).

21. Elements on the Periodic Table that are very REACTIVE can bond (or join) easily with other elements. The most reactive elements on the Periodic Table are found in Groups ONE (Alkali Metals) and SEVENTEEN (Halogens).

22. The elements listed in Group 18 are called NOBLE GASES because their atoms have a FULL set of electrons in their outermost energy levels, which makes them stable and UNREACTIVE.

23. Every element found on the Periodic Table has its own SYMBOL, which is a shortened way of writing its name. In most cases, the name of each element matches its chemical symbol. This means that the chemical symbol is either the first letter (upper case) or first two letters (first letter upper case, second letter lower case) of the elements name. However, there are exceptions to this rule. There are 11 elements (Sodium, Potassium, Tungsten, Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold, Mercury, Tin, Lead, and Antimony) whose symbols match their Latin names and not their current names.

24. Most elements on the Periodic Table are METALS and include examples such as copper, gold, silver, iron, and aluminum. Most of these elements are SOLIDS at room temperature, SHINY in appearance, and are able to be STRETCHED, HAMMERED, or MOLDED into different shapes. These elements also tend to be very good CONDUCTORS of heat and electricity.

25. Elements on the Periodic Table that have properties that are opposite of metals are called NONMETALS and includes examples like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, and sulfur. Most of these elements are SOLIDS or GASES at room temperature, DULL (NOT SHINY) in appearance, and CANNOT be stretched into wires. These elements are also POOR conductors of heat and electricity.

26. Elements on the Periodic Table that have properties of both metals and nonmetals are called METALLOIDS. These elements tend to conductor electricity better than nonmetals, but not as well as metals. Examples of these elements include boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, and astatine. These elements are found sandwiched BETWEEN the metals and nonmetals on the Periodic Table.

27. The names of the the different groups.

Extra Credit 15 points

Go to iscience Textbook

Complete questions 1,2,3,4,5,, 6, 7, 8 ,9 ,10, 11 ( page 450 - 451)

Complete questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ( page 448-449)

Dear Parents and Students,

Just a friendly reminder,

Science fair projects are due!!!

Thanks for all the hard work!

Mr. Fuamenya

Dear parents and students,

Our next test will on Thursday, 10/15/15 on Chap 10 lessons 1 and 2.

Find study guide and Extracredit.